Implicit Bias Prevention in Healthcare

References:

Abad-Merino, S., Newheiser, A. K., Dovidio, J. F., Tabernero, C., & González, I. (2013). The dynamics of intergroup helping: the case of subtle bias against Latinos. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol, 19(4), 445-452. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032658
Abrams, D., Swift, H. J., & Drury, L. (2016). Old and Unemployable? How Age-Based Stereotypes Affect Willingness to Hire Job Candidates. Journal of Social Issues, 72(1), 105-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12158
Abu-Bakr, A. (2021). Unconscious Bias and Its Impact on Public Health and Health-Care Systems. Creat Nurs, 27(3), 158-162. https://doi.org/10.1891/CRNR-D-21-00015
Agarwal, S., Schechter, C., Gonzalez, J., & Long, J. A. (2021). Racial-Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Technology use among Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics, 23(4), 306-313. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2020.0338
Agerström, J., & Rooth, D. O. (2011). The Role of Automatic Obesity Stereotypes in Real Hiring Discrimination. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 790-805. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021594
Akinade, T., Kheyfets, A., Piverger, N., Layne, T. M., Howell, E. A., & Janevic, T. (2023). The influence of racial-ethnic discrimination on women’s health care outcomes: A mixed methods systematic review. Soc Sci Med, 316, 114983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114983
Allen, T. J., Sherman, J. W., Conrey, F. R., & Stroessner, S. J. (2009). Stereotype strength and attentional bias: Preference for confirming versus disconfirming information depends on processing capacity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(5), 1081-1087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.002
Ames, D. L., & Fiske, S. T. (2015). Perceived intent motivates people to magnify observed harms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 112(12), 3599-3605. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501592112
Ames, D. R., & Flynn, F. J. (2007). What breaks a leader: the curvilinear relation between assertiveness and leadership. J Pers Soc Psychol, 92(2), 307-324. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.307
Amodio, D. M. (2008). The social neuroscience of intergroup relations. European Review of Social Psychology, 19(1), 1-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280801927937
Amodio, D. M. (2014). The neuroscience of prejudice and stereotyping. Nat Rev Neurosci, 15(10), 670-682. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3800
Amodio, D. M., & Cikara, M. (2021). The Social Neuroscience of Prejudice. Annu Rev Psychol, 72, 439-469. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050928
Amodio, D. M., & Hamilton, H. K. (2012). Intergroup anxiety effects on implicit racial evaluation and stereotyping. Emotion, 12(6), 1273-1280. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029016
Amodio, D. M., & Swencionis, J. K. (2018). Proactive control of implicit bias: A theoretical model and implications for behavior change. J Pers Soc Psychol, 115(2), 255-275. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000128
Anyon, Y., Lechuga, C., Ortega, D., Downing, B., Greer, E., & Simmons, J. (2018). An exploration of the relationships between student racial background and the school sub-contexts of office discipline referrals: a critical race theory analysis. Race Ethnicity and Education, 21(3), 390-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1328594
Armstrong-Mensah, E., Rasheed, N., Williams, D., Moyer, K., Alema-Mensah, E., & Tetteh, A. K. (2022). Implicit Racial Bias, Health Care Provider Attitudes, and Perceptions of Health Care Quality Among African American College Students in Georgia, USA. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01439-8
Ashburn-Nardo, L., Knowles, M. L., & Monteith, M. J. (2003). Black Americans’ implicit racial associations and their implications for intergroup judgment. Social Cognition, 21(1), 61-87. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.21.1.61.21192
Ashburn-Nardo, L., Voils, C. I., & Monteith, M. J. (2001). Implicit associations as the seeds of intergroup bias: How easily do they take root? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 789-799. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.789
Avant, N. D., & Gillespie, G. L. (2019). Pushing for health equity through structural competency and implicit bias education: A qualitative evaluation of a racial/ethnic health disparities elective course for pharmacy learners. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 11(4), 382-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2019.01.013
Avenanti, A., Sirigu, A., & Aglioti, S. M. (2010). Racial bias reduces empathic sensorimotor resonance with other-race pain. Curr Biol, 20(11), 1018-1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.071
Aydogan, A. F., & Gonsalkorale, K. (2015). Breaking down a barrier: Increasing perceived out‐group knowledge reduces negative expectancies about intergroup interaction. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 401-408. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2107
Azevedo, R. T., Macaluso, E., Avenanti, A., Santangelo, V., Cazzato, V., & Aglioti, S. M. (2013). Their pain is not our pain: brain and autonomic correlates of empathic resonance with the pain of same and different race individuals. Hum Brain Mapp, 34(12), 3168-3181. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22133
Azevedo, R. T., Macaluso, E., Viola, V., Sani, G., & Aglioti, S. M. (2014). Weighing the stigma of weight: An fMRI study of neural reactivity to the pain of obese individuals. Neuroimage, 91, 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.041
Bagnis, A., Caffo, E., Cipolli, C., De Palma, A., Farina, G., & Mattarozzi, K.
Bahamondes, J., Sengupta, N. K., Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2021). Examining the relational underpinnings and consequences of system-justifying beliefs: Explaining the palliative effects of system justification. Br J Soc Psychol, 60(3), 1027-1050. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12440
Baker, R. B. (2014). The American Medical Association and race. Virtual Mentor, 16(6), 479-488. https://doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2014.16.06.mhst1-1406
Balakrishnan, K., & Arjmand, E. M. (2019). The Impact of Cognitive and Implicit Bias on Patient Safety and Quality. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 52(1), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2018.08.016
Banaji, M. R., Fiske, S. T., & Massey, D. S. (2021). Systemic racism: individuals and interactions, institutions and society. Cogn Res Princ Implic, 6(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00349-3
Banakou, D., Beacco, A., Neyret, S., Blasco-Oliver, M., Seinfeld, S., & Slater, M. (2020a). Virtual body ownership and its consequences for implicit racial bias are dependent on social context. R Soc Open Sci, 7(12), 201848. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201848
Banakou, D., Beacco, A., Neyret, S., Blasco-Oliver, M., Seinfeld, S., & Slater, M. (2020b). Virtual body ownership and its consequences for implicit racial bias are dependent on social context: Body ownership and implicit racial bias. Royal Society Open Science, 7(12 C7 – 201848). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201848
Banks, A. J., & Hicks, H. M. (2016). Fear and Implicit Racism: Whites’ Support for Voter ID laws. Political Psychology, 37(5), 641-658. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12292
Barabino, G. A., Fiske, S. T., Scherer, L. A., Vargas, E. A., Committee on Advancing Antiracism, D., E.uity, and Inclusion in STEM Organizations, Board on Behavioral, C. g., and Sensory Sciences, . . . National Academies of Sciences, E. g., and Medicine. (2023). Advancing Antiracism, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in STEMM Organizations: Beyond Broadening Participation. In. https://doi.org/NBK589214
Barnow, S., Linden, M., Lucht, M., & Freyberger, H.-J.
Barreto, M., & Ellemers, N. (2015). Detecting and Experiencing Prejudice: New Answers to Old Questions. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 52, pp. 139-219). https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.02.001
Barreto, M., Ellemers, N., Olson, J. M., & Zanna, M. P. (2015). Detecting and Experiencing Prejudice: New Answers to Old Questions. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 52, pp. 139-219). Academic Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.02.001
Bartlett, K. T. (2009). Making good on good intentions: The critical role of motivation in reducing implicit workplace discrimination. Virginia Law Review, 95(8), 1893-1972.
Bearman, M., Palermo, C., Allen, L. M., & Williams, B. (2015). Learning Empathy Through Simulation: A Systematic Literature Review. Simul Healthc, 10(5), 308-319. https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0000000000000113
Begley, R., Farrell, L., Lyttle, N., Alty, J., Curran, D., Williams, S., & Graham, C. D. (2023). Clinicians’ implicit and explicit attitudes about the legitimacy of functional neurological disorders correlate with referral decisions. Br J Health Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12643
Beldhuis, I. E., Marapin, R. S., Jiang, Y. Y., Simões de Souza, N. F., Georgiou, A., Kaufmann, T., . . . van der Horst, I. C. C. (2021). Cognitive biases, environmental, patient and personal factors associated with critical care decision making: A scoping review. J Crit Care, 64, 144-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2021.04.012
Bhat, A., Mahajan, V., & Wolfe, N. (2021). Implicit bias in stroke care: A recurring old problem in the rising incidence of young stroke. J Clin Neurosci, 85, 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.12.017
Biddle, C., Fallavollita, J. A., Homish, G. G., & Orom, H. (2019). Gender bias in clinical decision making emerges when patients with coronary heart disease symptoms also have psychological symptoms. Heart Lung, 48(4), 331-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2018.11.005
Bientzle, M., Eggeling, M., Kanzleiter, M., Thieme, K., & Kimmerle, J. (2021). The impact of narrative writing on empathy, perspective-taking, and attitude: Two randomized controlled experiments on violations of Covid-19 protection regulations. PLoS One, 16(7), e0254501. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254501
Bierema, L. L. (2016). Women’s Leadership: Troubling Notions of the “Ideal” (Male) Leader. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 18(2), 119-136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422316641398
Bijlstra, G., Holland, R. W., Dotsch, R., Hugenberg, K., & Wigboldus, D. H. J. (2014). Stereotype Associations and Emotion Recognition. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(5), 567-577. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213520458
Blair, I. V., Havranek, E. P., Price, D. W., Hanratty, R., Fairclough, D. L., Farley, T., . . . Steiner, J. F. (2013). Assessment of biases against latinos and african americans among primary care providers and community members. American Journal of Public Health, 103(1), 92-98. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300812
Blair, I. V., Steiner, J. F., Fairclough, D. L., Hanratty, R., Price, D. W., Hirsh, H. K., . . . Havranek, E. P. (2013). Clinicians’ implicit ethnic/racial bias and perceptions of care among black and latino patients. Annals of Family Medicine, 11(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1442
Blair, I. V., Steiner, J. F., Hanratty, R., Price, D. W., Fairclough, D. L., Daugherty, S. L., . . . Havranek, E. P. (2014). An investigation of associations between clinicians’ ethnic or racial bias and hypertension treatment, medication adherence and blood pressure control. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(7), 987-995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-014-2795-z
Bonefeld, M., & Dickhäuser, O. (2018). (Biased) Grading of Students’ performance: Students’ names, performance level, and implicit attitudes. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(MAY C7 – 481). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00481
Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Boysen, G. A., & Vogel, D. L. (2009). Bias in the Classroom: Types, Frequencies, and Responses. Teaching of Psychology, 36(1), 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986280802529038
Boysen, G. A., Vogel, D. L., & Madon, S. (2006). A public versus private administration of the implicit association test. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(6), 845-856. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.318
Bradford, P. S., Akyeampong, D., Fleming, M. A., Dacus, A. R., Chhabra, A. B., & DeGeorge, B. R. (2021). Racial and Gender Discrimination in Hand Surgery Letters of Recommendation. J Hand Surg Am, 46(11), 998-1005.e1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2021.07.009
Bradley, A. S., Adeleke, I. O., & Estime, S. R. (2022). Healthcare disparities in trauma: why they exist and what we can do. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 35(2), 150-153. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0000000000001094
Brannon, T. N., Carter, E. R., Murdock‐Perriera, L. A., & Higginbotham, G. D. (2018). From backlash to inclusion for all: Instituting diversity efforts to maximize benefits across group lines. Social Issues and Policy Review, 12, 57-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12040
Brannon, T. N., & Walton, G. M. (2013). Enacting Cultural Interests: How Intergroup Contact Reduces Prejudice by Sparking Interest in an Out-Group’s Culture. Psychological Science, 24(10), 1947-1957. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613481607
Braun, S., Stegmann, S., Hernandez Bark, A. S., Junker, N. M., & van Dick, R. (2017). Think manager—think male, think follower—think female: Gender bias in implicit followership theories. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(7), 377-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12445
Brochu, P. M., Banfield, J. C., & Dovidio, J. F. (2019). Does a Common Ingroup Identity Reduce Weight Bias? Only When Weight Discrimination Is Salient. Front Psychol, 10, 3020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03020
Brochu, P. M., & Morrison, M. A. (2007). Implicit and explicit prejudice toward overweight and average-weight men and women: Testing their correspondence and relation to behavioral intentions. Journal of Social Psychology, 147(6), 681-706. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.147.6.681-706
Brondolo, E., & Jean-Pierre, K. L. (2014). “You said, I heard”: Speaking the subtext in interracial conversations. In Remediation in Medical Education: A Mid-Course Correction (pp. 131-156). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9025-8_8
Brosch, T., Bar-David, E., & Phelps, E. A. (2013). Implicit Race Bias Decreases the Similarity of Neural Representations of Black and White Faces. Psychological Science, 24(2), 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612451465
Brottman, M. R., Char, D. M., Hattori, R. A., Heeb, R., & Taff, S. D. (2020). Toward Cultural Competency in Health Care: A Scoping Review of the Diversity and Inclusion Education Literature. Academic Medicine, 803-813. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002995
Brown, C. E., Jecker, N. S., & Curtis, J. R. (2016). Inadequate palliative care in chronic lung disease an issue of health care inequality. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 13(3), 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201510-666PS
Brownell, K. D., & Puhl, R. M. (2006). Stigmatized patients’ right to equal treatment. Virtual Mentor, 8(5), 298-302. https://doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.5.ccas1-0605
Bruneau, E., Kteily, N., & Falk, E. (2018). Interventions Highlighting Hypocrisy Reduce Collective Blame of Muslims for Individual Acts of Violence and Assuage Anti-Muslim Hostility. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 44(3), 430-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217744197
Bruneau, E. G., Kteily, N. S., & Urbiola, A. (2020). A collective blame hypocrisy intervention enduringly reduces hostility towards Muslims. Nat Hum Behav, 4(1), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0747-7
Brunstein, J. C. (2008). Implicit and explicit motives. In Motivation and Action (pp. 227-246). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499821.010
Brusa, A., Pesič, A., & Proverbio, A. M. (2021). Learning positive social information reduces racial bias as indexed by N400 response. PLoS One, 16(11), e0260540. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260540
Buckels, E. E., & Trapnell, P. D. (2013). Disgust facilitates outgroup dehumanization. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 16(6), 771-780. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430212471738
Bucknor, A., Kamali, P., Phillips, N., Mathijssen, I., Rakhorst, H., Lin, S. J., & Furnas, H. (2018). Gender inequality for women in plastic surgery: A systematic scoping review. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 141(6), 1561-1577. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000004375
Bunting, S. R., Feinstein, B. A., Calabrese, S. K., Hazra, A., Sheth, N. K., Chen, A. F., & Garber, S. S. (2022). Assumptions about patients seeking PrEP: Exploring the effects of patient and sexual partner race and gender identity and the moderating role of implicit racism. PLoS One, 17(7), e0270861. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270861
Burgess, D. J., Beach, M. C., & Saha, S. (2017a). Mindfulness practice: A promising approach to reducing the effects of clinician implicit bias on patients. Patient Educ Couns, 100(2), 372-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.09.005
Burgess, D. J., Beach, M. C., & Saha, S. (2017b). Mindfulness practice: A promising approach to reducing the effects of clinician implicit bias on patients. Patient Education and Counseling, 100(2), 372-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.09.005
Burgess, D. J., Burke, S. E., Cunningham, B. A., Dovidio, J. F., Hardeman, R. R., Hou, Y., . . . van Ryn, M. (2016a). Medical students’ learning orientation regarding interracial interactions affects preparedness to care for minority patients: a report from Medical Student CHANGES. BMC Med Educ, 16(1), 254. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0769-z
Burgess, D. J., Burke, S. E., Cunningham, B. A., Dovidio, J. F., Hardeman, R. R., Hou, Y., . . . van Ryn, M. (2016b). Medical students’ learning orientation regarding interracial interactions affects preparedness to care for minority patients: a report from Medical Student CHANGES. BMC Med Educ, 16(1), 254. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0769-z
Burke, S. E., Dovidio, J. F., Perry, S. P., Burgess, D. J., Hardeman, R. R., Phelan, S. M., . . . van Ryn, M. (2017). Informal Training Experiences and Explicit Bias Against African Americans among Medical Students. Soc Psychol Q, 80(1), 65-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272516668166
Burke, S. E., Dovidio, J. F., Przedworski, J. M., Hardeman, R. R., Perry, S. P., Phelan, S. M., . . . van Ryn, M. (2015). Do Contact and Empathy Mitigate Bias Against Gay and Lesbian People Among Heterosexual First-Year Medical Students? A Report From the Medical Student CHANGE Study. Acad Med, 90(5), 645-651. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000661
Burkley, E., Durante, F., Fiske, S. T., Burkley, M., & Andrade, A. (2017). Structure and content of Native American stereotypic subgroups: Not just (ig)noble. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol, 23(2), 209-219. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000100
Burns, M. D., Monteith, M. J., & Parker, L. R. (2017). Training away bias: The differential effects of counterstereotype training and self-regulation on stereotype activation and application. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 73, 97-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.06.003
Calanchini, J., Lai, C. K., & Klauer, K. C. (2021). Reducing implicit racial preferences: III. A process-level examination of changes in implicit preferences. J Pers Soc Psychol, 121(4), 796-818. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000339
Calanchini, J., Lai, C. K., & Klauer, K. C. (2021). Reducing implicit racial preferences: III. A process-level examination of changes in implicit preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 121, 796-818. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000339
Cameron, C. D., Hutcherson, C. A., Ferguson, A. M., Scheffer, J. A., Hadjiandreou, E., & Inzlicht, M. (2019). Empathy is hard work: People choose to avoid empathy because of its cognitive costs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000595
Cameron, C. D., Spring, V. L., & Todd, A. R. (2017). The empathy impulse: A multinomial model of intentional and unintentional empathy for pain. Emotion, 17, 395-411. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000266
Cameron, E. Z., White, A. M., & Gray, M. E. (2016). Solving the Productivity and Impact Puzzle: Do Men Outperform Women, or are Metrics Biased? BioScience, 66(3), 245-252. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv173
Capers, Q., Clinchot, D., McDougle, L., & Greenwald, A. G. (2017). Implicit Racial Bias in Medical School Admissions. Academic Medicine, 92(3), 365-369. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001388
Capers, Q., McDougle, L., & Clinchot, D. M. (2018). Strategies for achieving diversity through medical school admissions. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 29(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2018.0002
Caprariello, P. A., Cuddy, A. J., & Fiske, S. T. (2009). Social Structure Shapes Cultural Stereotypes and Emotions: A Causal Test of the Stereotype Content Model. Group Process Intergroup Relat, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430208101053
Carlana, M. (2019). IMPLICIT STEREOTYPES: EVIDENCE FROM TEACHERS’ GENDER BIAS. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134(3), 1163-1224. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz008
Carnes, M., Devine, P. G., Isaac, C., Manwell, L. B., Ford, C. E., Byars-Winston, A., . . . Sheridan, J. (2012). Promoting institutional change through bias literacy. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 5(2), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028128
Cascino, T. M., Somanchi, S., Colvin, M., Chung, G. S., Brescia, A. A., Pienta, M., . . . McCullough, J. S. (2022). Racial and Sex Inequities in the Use of and Outcomes After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation Among Medicare Beneficiaries. JAMA Netw Open, 5(7), e2223080. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.23080
Castelli, L., Tomelleri, S., & Zogmaister, C. (2008). Implicit ingroup metafavoritism: Subtle preference for ingroup members displaying ingroup bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(6), 807-818. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208315210
Cattaneo, Z., Mattavelli, G., Platania, E., & Papagno, C. (2011). The role of the prefrontal cortex in controlling gender-stereotypical associations: A TMS investigation. NeuroImage, 56(3), 1839-1846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.037
Chae, D. H., Nuru-Jeter, A. M., & Adler, N. E. (2012). Implicit racial bias as a moderator of the association between racial discrimination and hypertension: A study of midlife African American Men. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74(9), 961-964. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182733665
Chae, D. H., Nuru-Jeter, A. M., Adler, N. E., Brody, G. H., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. H., & Epel, E. S. (2014). Discrimination, racial bias, and telomere length in African-American men. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(2), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.10.020
Chapman, E. N., Kaatz, A., & Carnes, M. (2013). Physicians and implicit bias: how doctors may unwittingly perpetuate health care disparities. J Gen Intern Med, 28(11), 1504-1510.
Charlesworth, T. E., & Banaji, M. R. (2022). Patterns of implicit and explicit stereotypes III: Long-term change in gender stereotypes. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13(1), 14-26.
Charlesworth, T. E. S., Caliskan, A., & Banaji, M. R. (2022a). Historical representations of social groups across 200 years of word embeddings from Google Books. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 119(28), e2121798119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121798119
Charlesworth, T. E. S., Caliskan, A., & Banaji, M. R. (2022b). Historical representations of social groups across 200 years of word embeddings from Google Books. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 119(28), e2121798119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121798119
Charlesworth, T. E. S., Yang, V., Mann, T. C., Kurdi, B., & Banaji, M. R. (2021a). Gender Stereotypes in Natural Language: Word Embeddings Show Robust Consistency Across Child and Adult Language Corpora of More Than 65 Million Words. Psychol Sci, 32(2), 218-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620963619
Charlesworth, T. E. S., Yang, V., Mann, T. C., Kurdi, B., & Banaji, M. R. (2021b). Gender Stereotypes in Natural Language: Word Embeddings Show Robust Consistency Across Child and Adult Language Corpora of More Than 65 Million Words. Psychol Sci, 32(2), 218-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620963619
Chekroud, A. M., Everett, J. A. C., Bridge, H., & Hewstone, M. (2014). A review of neuroimaging studies of race-related prejudice: Does amygdala response reflect threat? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(MAR C7 – 179). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00179
Chelimsky, G., Simpson, P., Feng, M., & Willis, E. (2022). Does Unconscious Bias Affect How Pediatricians Manage Their Patients? WMJ, 121(1), 18-25.
Chin, M. J., Quinn, D. M., Dhaliwal, T. K., & Lovison, V. S. (2020). Bias in the Air: A Nationwide Exploration of Teachers’ Implicit Racial Attitudes, Aggregate Bias, and Student Outcomes. Educational Researcher, 49(8), 566-578. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X20937240
Chopik, W. J., & Giasson, H. L. (2017). Age differences in explicit and implicit age attitudes across the life span. Gerontologist, 57, S169-S177. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx058
Cikara, M., Botvinick, M. M., & Fiske, S. T. (2011). Us versus them: social identity shapes neural responses to intergroup competition and harm. Psychol Sci, 22(3), 306-313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610397667
Cikara, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2011). Bounded empathy: neural responses to outgroup targets’ (mis)fortunes. J Cogn Neurosci, 23(12), 3791-3803. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00069
Cimino, J. J. (2021). Racial Disparity in Clinical Alert Overrides. AMIA Annu Symp Proc, 2021, 314-323.
Columb, C., & Plant, E. A. (2011). Revisiting the Obama Effect: Exposure to Obama reduces implicit prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(2), 499-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.11.012
Contreras-Huerta, L. S., Baker, K. S., Reynolds, K. J., Batalha, L., & Cunnington, R. (2013). Racial bias in neural empathic responses to pain. PLoS One, 8(12), e84001. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084001
Cooper, L. A., Roter, D. L., Carson, K. A., Beach, M. C., Sabin, J. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Inui, T. S. (2012). The associations of clinicians’ implicit attitudes about race with medical visit communication and patient ratings of interpersonal care. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 979-987. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300558
Craig, M. A., & Richeson, J. A. (2014). More Diverse Yet Less Tolerant? How the Increasingly Diverse Racial Landscape Affects White Americans’ Racial Attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(6), 750-761. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214524993
Crapanzano, K. A., Deweese, S., Pham, D., Le, T., & Hammarlund, R. (2023). The Role of Bias in Clinical Decision-Making of People with Serious Mental Illness and Medical Co-morbidities: a Scoping Review. J Behav Health Serv Res, 50(2), 236-262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-022-09829-w
Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2009). Can imagined interactions produce positive perceptions? Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact. Am Psychol, 64(4), 231-240. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014718
Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2011). Cognitive adaptation to the experience of social and cultural diversity. Psychol Bull, 137(2), 242-266. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021840
Crone, C. L., & Kallen, R. W. (2022). Interview with an avatar: Comparing online and virtual reality perspective taking for gender bias in STEM hiring decisions. PLoS One, 17(6), e0269430. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269430
Croom, N. N. (2017). Promotion beyond tenure: Unpacking racism and sexism in the experiences of black womyn professors. Review of Higher Education, 40(4), 557-583. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2017.0022
Cunningham, E., Forestell, C. A., & Dickter, C. L. (2013). Induced disgust affects implicit and explicit responses toward gay men and lesbians. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43(5), 362-369. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1945
Cunningham, G. B., & Cunningham, H. R. (2022). Bias among managers: Its prevalence across a decade and comparison across occupations. Front Psychol, 13, 1034712. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1034712
Dabby, L., Tranulis, C., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2015). Explicit and implicit attitudes of canadian psychiatrists toward people with mental illness. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(10), 451-459. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371506001006
Dahl, R. A., Vakkalanka, J. P., Harland, K. K., & Radke, J. (2022). Investigating Healthcare Provider Bias Toward Patients Who Use Drugs Using a Survey-based Implicit Association Test: Pilot Study. J Addict Med, 16(5), 557-562. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000970
Dasgupta, N., DeSteno, D., Williams, L. A., & Hunsinger, M. (2009). Fanning the Flames of Prejudice: The Influence of Specific Incidental Emotions on Implicit Prejudice. Emotion, 9(4), 585-591. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015961
Dasgupta, N., & Rivera, L. M. (2006). From automatic antigay prejudice to behavior: The moderating role of conscious beliefs about gender and behavioral control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(2), 268-280. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.268
Daugherty, S. L., Blair, I. V., Havranek, E. P., Furniss, A., Dickinson, L. M., Karimkhani, E., . . . Masoudi, F. A. (2017). Implicit Gender Bias and the Use of Cardiovascular Tests Among Cardiologists. J Am Heart Assoc, 6(12). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.006872
Davids, J. S., Lyu, H. G., Hoang, C. M., Daniel, V. T., Scully, R. E., Xu, T. Y., . . . Melnitchouk, N. (2019). Female representation and implicit gender bias at the 2017 American society of colon and rectal surgeons’ annual scientific and tripartite meeting. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, 62(3), 357-362. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0000000000001274
Dayal, A., O’Connor, D. M., Qadri, U., & Arora, V. M. (2017). Comparison of male vs female resident milestone evaluations by faculty during emergency medicine residency training. JAMA Internal Medicine, 177(5), 651-657. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9616
De Houwer, J. (2019). Implicit Bias Is Behavior: A Functional-Cognitive Perspective on Implicit Bias. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(5), 835-840. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619855638
DeBerry, J. A., Adams, E. M., Cascalheira, C. J., & Hitter, T. L. (2022). The Effectiveness of Didactic and Perspective-Taking Interventions on Reducing Multiple Dimensions of Heterosexism. J Homosex, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2059969
Decety, J., Echols, S., & Correll, J. (2010). The blame game: the effect of responsibility and social stigma on empathy for pain. J Cogn Neurosci, 22(5), 985-997. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21266
Dehon, E., Weiss, N., Jones, J., Faulconer, W., Hinton, E., & Sterling, S. (2017). A Systematic Review of the Impact of Physician Implicit Racial Bias on Clinical Decision Making. Acad Emerg Med, 24(8), 895-904. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13214
DeSteno, D., Dasgupta, N., Bartlett, M. Y., & Cajdric, A. (2004). Prejudice from thin air: The effect of emotion on automatic intergroup attitudes. Psychological Science, 15(5), 319-324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00676.x
Devine, P. G. (2001). Implicit prejudice and stereotyping: How automatic are they? Introduction to the special section. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 757-759. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.757
Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., Amodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., & Vance, S. L. (2002). The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 835-848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.835
DiBrito, S. R., Lopez, C. M., Jones, C., & Mathur, A. (2019). Reducing Implicit Bias: Association of Women Surgeons #HeForShe Task Force Best Practice Recommendations. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 228(3), 303-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2018.12.011
Dickter, C. L., & Bartholow, B. D. (2007). Racial ingroup and outgroup attention biases revealed by event-related brain potentials. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(3), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsm012
Dill-Macky, A., Hsu, C. H., Neumayer, L. A., Nfonsam, V. N., & Turner, A. P. (2022). The Role of Implicit Bias in Surgical Resident Evaluations. J Surg Educ, 79(3), 761-768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.12.003
DiTomaso, N. (2015). Racism and discrimination versus advantage and favoritism: Bias for versus bias against. Research in Organizational Behavior, 35, 57-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2015.10.001
Donald, C. A., Dasgupta, S., Metzl, J. M., & Eckstrand, K. L. (2017). Queer Frontiers in Medicine: A Structural Competency Approach. Academic Medicine, 92(3), 345-350. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001533
Doren, E. L., Park, K., & Olson, J. (2023). Racial disparities in postmastectomy breast reconstruction following implementation of the affordable care act: A systematic review using a minority health and disparities research framework. Am J Surg. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.01.013
Dovidio, J. F. (2009). Psychology. Racial bias, unspoken but heard. Science, 326(5960), 1641-1642. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184231
Dovidio, J. F., & Fiske, S. T. (2012). Under the radar: how unexamined biases in decision-making processes in clinical interactions can contribute to health care disparities. Am J Public Health, 102(5), 945-952. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300601
Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Kawakami, K., & Hodson, G. (2002). Why can’t we just get along? Interpersonal biases and interracial distrust. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol, 8(2), 88-102. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.8.2.88
Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.62
Dovidio, J. F., Pagotto, L., & Hebl, M. R. (2011). Implicit attitudes and discrimination against people with physical disabilities. In Disability and Aging Discrimination: Perspectives in Law and Psychology (pp. 157-183). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6293-5_9
Dovidio, J. F., Penner, L. A., Albrecht, T. L., Norton, W. E., Gaertner, S. L., & Shelton, J. N. (2008). Disparities and distrust: the implications of psychological processes for understanding racial disparities in health and health care. Soc Sci Med, 67(3), 478-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.019
Drakulich, K. M. (2015). Explicit and Hidden Racial Bias in the Framing of Social Problems. Social Problems,
Dresden, B. E., Dresden, A. Y., Ridge, R. D., & Yamawaki, N. (2018). No Girls Allowed: Women in Male-Dominated Majors Experience Increased Gender Harassment and Bias. Psychological Reports, 121(3), 459-474. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117730357
Drwecki, B. B., Moore, C. F., Ward, S. E., & Prkachin, K. M. (2011). Reducing racial disparities in pain treatment: the role of empathy and perspective-taking. Pain, 152(5), 1001-1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.12.005
Durante, F., & Fiske, S. T. (2017). How social-class stereotypes maintain inequality. Curr Opin Psychol, 18, 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.033
Dyrbye, L., Herrin, J., West, C. P., Wittlin, N. M., Dovidio, J. F., Hardeman, R., . . . van Ryn, M. (2019a). Association of Racial Bias With Burnout Among Resident Physicians. JAMA Netw Open, 2(7), e197457. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.7457
Dyrbye, L., Herrin, J., West, C. P., Wittlin, N. M., Dovidio, J. F., Hardeman, R., . . . van Ryn, M. (2019b). Association of Racial Bias With Burnout Among Resident Physicians. JAMA Netw Open, 2(7), e197457. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.7457
Dyrbye, L. N., West, C. P., Herrin, J., Dovidio, J., Cunningham, B., Yeazel, M., . . . van Ryn, M. (2021). A Longitudinal Study Exploring Learning Environment Culture and Subsequent Risk of Burnout Among Resident Physicians Overall and by Gender. Mayo Clin Proc, 96(8), 2168-2183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.12.036
Débarre, F., Rode, N. O., & Ugelvig, L. V. (2018). Gender equity at scientific events. Evolution Letters, 2(3), 148-158. https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.49
Edwards, D. J., McEnteggart, C., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Lowe, R., Evans, N., & Vilardaga, R. (2017). The Impact of Mindfulness and Perspective-Taking on Implicit Associations Toward the Elderly: a Relational Frame Theory Account. Mindfulness (N Y), 8(6), 1615-1622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0734-x
Effron, D. A., & Knowles, E. D. (2015). Entitativity and intergroup bias: How belonging to a cohesive group allows people to express their prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(2), 234-253. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000020
Ehrlinger, J., Mitchum, A. L., & Dweck, C. S. (2016). Understanding overconfidence: Theories of intelligence, preferential attention, and distorted self-assessment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 63, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.11.001
Ellemers, N. (2014). Women at Work: How Organizational Features Impact Career Development. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(1), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732214549327
Ellemers, N. (2018). Gender Stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 275-298. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011719
Erickson, W. B., Wright, A., & Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2022). “He was the one with the gun!” Associative memory for white and black faces seen with weapons. Cogn Res Princ Implic, 7(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-022-00355-z
Escobar, J. I. (2012). Diagnostic bias: Racial and cultural issues. Psychiatric Services, 63(9), 847. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.20120p847
Essien, I., Calanchini, J., & Degner, J. (2021). Moderators of intergroup evaluation in disadvantaged groups: A comprehensive test of predictions from system justification theory. J Pers Soc Psychol, 120(5), 1204-1230. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000302
Evans, J. S. (2003). In two minds: dual-process accounts of reasoning. Trends Cogn Sci, 7(10), 454-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.012
Evans, J. S. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annu Rev Psychol, 59, 255-278. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629
Evans, J. S., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the Debate. Perspect Psychol Sci, 8(3), 223-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612460685
Fabi, S., & Leuthold, H. (2018). Racial bias in empathy: Do we process dark- and fair-colored hands in pain differently? An EEG study. Neuropsychologia, 114, 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.024
Fallin-Bennett, K. (2015). Implicit Bias Against Sexual Minorities in Medicine: Cycles of Professional Influence and the Role of the Hidden Curriculum. Academic Medicine, 90(5), 549-552. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000662
Fargen, K. M., Leslie-Mazwi, T. M., Chen, M., & Hirsch, J. A. (2020). Physician, know thyself: implicit and explicit decision-making for mechanical thrombectomy in stroke. J Neurointerv Surg, 12(10), 952-956. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-015973
Farmer, H., Hewstone, M., Spiegler, O., Morse, H., Saifullah, A., Pan, X., . . . Terbeck, S. (2020). Positive intergroup contact modulates fusiform gyrus activity to black and white faces. Sci Rep, 10(1), 2700.
Filippou, P., Mahajan, S., Deal, A., Wallen, E. M., Tan, H. J., Pruthi, R. S., & Smith, A. B. (2019). The Presence of Gender Bias in Letters of Recommendations Written for Urology Residency Applicants. Urology, 134, 56-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.05.065
Fini, C., Cardini, F., Tajadura-Jiménez, A., Serino, A., & Tsakiris, M. (2013). Embodying an outgroup: The role of racial bias and the effect of multisensory processing in somatosensory remapping. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience(NOV C7 – 165). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00165
Fiscella, K., & Sanders, M. R. (2016). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Quality of Health Care. Annu Rev Public Health, 37, 375-394.
Fiske, S. T. (2009). From dehumanization and objectification to rehumanization: neuroimaging studies on the building blocks of empathy. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1167, 31-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04544.x
Fiske, S. T. (2012a). Managing ambivalent prejudices: The smart-but-cold, and the warm-butdumb sterotypes. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci, 639(1), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716211418444
Fiske, S. T. (2012b). Warmth and Competence: Stereotype Content Issues for Clinicians and Researchers. Can Psychol, 53(1), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026054
Fiske, S. T. (2013a). Divided by status: upward envy and downward scorn. Proc Am Philos Soc, 157(3), 261-268.
Fiske, S. T. (2013b). Varieties of (de) humanization: divided by competition and status. Nebr Symp Motiv, 60, 53-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6959-9_3
Fiske, S. T. (2015). Intergroup Biases: A Focus on Stereotype Content. Curr Opin Behav Sci, 3, 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.010
Fiske, S. T. (2018). Stereotype Content: Warmth and Competence Endure. Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 27(2), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417738825
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Peter, G., & Xu, J. (2019). “A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition”: Correction to Fiske et al. (2002). J Pers Soc Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000163
Fitzgerald, C. (2014). A Neglected Aspect of Conscience: Awareness of Implicit Attitudes. Bioethics, 28(1), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12058
FitzGerald, C., & Hurst, S. (2017). Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review. BMC Med Ethics, 18(1), 19.
Fitzgerald, C., Martin, A., Berner, D., & Hurst, S. (2019). Interventions designed to reduce implicit prejudices and implicit stereotypes in real world contexts: A systematic review. BMC Psychology, 7(1 C7 – 29). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0299-7
Forbes, C. E., Cox, C. L., Schmader, T., & Ryan, L. (2012). Negative stereotype activation alters interaction between neural correlates of arousal, inhibition and cognitive control. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(7 C7 – nsr052), 771-781. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsr052
Ford, B. Q., Green, D. J., & Gross, J. J. (2022). White fragility: An emotion regulation perspective. American Psychologist, 77, 510-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000968
Forgiarini, M., Gallucci, M., & Maravita, A. (2011). Racism and the empathy for pain on our skin. Front Psychol, 2, 108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00108
Freund, K. M., Raj, A., Kaplan, S. E., Terrin, N., Breeze, J. L., Urech, T. H., & Carr, P. L. (2016). Inequities in academic compensation by gender: A follow-up to the national faculty survey cohort study. Academic Medicine,
Friedlaender, C. (2018). On Microaggressions: Cumulative Harm and Individual Responsibility. Hypatia, 33(1), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12390
Friedland, N., Keinan, G., & Tytiun, T. (1999). The effect of psychological stress and tolerance of ambiguity on stereotypic attributions. Anxiety Stress Coping, 12(4), 397-410. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615809908249318
Fruh, S. M., Graves, R. J., Hauff, C., Williams, S. G., & Hall, H. R. (2021). Weight Bias and Stigma: Impact on Health. Nurs Clin North Am, 56(4), 479-493.
Fyock, J., & Stangor, C. (1994). The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance. Br J Soc Psychol, 33 ( Pt 3), 331-343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01029.x
Galinsky, A. D., & Ku, G. (2004). The effects of perspective-taking on prejudice: the moderating role of self-evaluation. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 30(5), 594-604. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203262802
Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2000). Perspective-taking: decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. J Pers Soc Psychol, 78(4), 708-724. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.78.4.708
Galinsky, A. D., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2000). Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 708-724. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.708
Galli, G., Lenggenhager, B., Scivoletto, G., Molinari, M., & Pazzaglia, M. (2015). Don’t look at my wheelchair! The plasticity of longlasting prejudice. Medical Education, 49(12), 1239-1247. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12834
Gapinski, K. D., Schwartz, M. B., & Brownell, K. D. (2006). Can television change anti-fat attitudes and behavior? Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 11(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9861.2006.tb00017.x
Gatewood, E., Broholm, C., Herman, J., & Yingling, C. (2019). Making the invisible visible: Implementing an implicit bias activity in nursing education. J Prof Nurs, 35(6), 447-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2019.03.004
Gawronski, B. (2019). Six Lessons for a Cogent Science of Implicit Bias and Its Criticism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(4), 574-595. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619826015
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2017). Beyond Persons and Situations: An Interactionist Approach to Understanding Implicit Bias. Psychological Inquiry, 28(4), 268-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2017.1373546
Gawronski, B., Geschke, D., & Banse, R. (2003). Implicit bias in impression formation: Associations influence the construal of individuating information. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(5), 573-589. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.166
Gendler, T. S. (2011). On the epistemic costs of implicit bias. Philosophical Studies, 156(1), 33-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-011-9801-7
Gerull, K. M., Loe, M., Seiler, K., McAllister, J., & Salles, A. (2019). Assessing gender bias in qualitative evaluations of surgical residents. American Journal of Surgery, 217(2), 306-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.09.029
Girgis, M. Y., Qazi, S., Patel, A., Yu, D., Lu, X., & Sewards, J. (2023). Gender and Racial Bias in Letters of Recommendation for Orthopedic Surgery Residency Positions. J Surg Educ, 80(1), 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2022.08.021
Glaser, J., & Knowles, E. D. (2008). Implicit motivation to control prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(1), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.01.002
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2011). Ambivalent Sexism Revisited. Psychol Women Q, 35(3), 530-535. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684311414832
Glick, P., Fiske, S. T., Mladinic, A., Saiz, J. L., Abrams, D., Masser, B., . . . López López, W. (2000). Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. J Pers Soc Psychol, 79(5), 763-775. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.5.763
Gonsalkorale, K., Allen, T. J., Sherman, J. W., & Klauer, K. C. (2010). Mechanisms of group membership and exemplar exposure effects on implicit attitudes. Social Psychology, 41(3), 158-168. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000023
Gonsalkorale, K., Sherman, J. W., Allen, T. J., Klauer, K. C., & Amodio, D. M. (2011). Accounting for successful control of implicit racial bias: The roles of association activation, response monitoring, and overcoming bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(11), 1534-1545. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211414064
Gonsalkorale, K., Sherman, J. W., & Klauer, K. C. (2009). Aging and prejudice: Diminished regulation of automatic race bias among older adults. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(2), 410-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.11.004
Gonzalez, A. M., Odic, D., Schmader, T., Block, K., & Baron, A. S. (2021). The effect of gender stereotypes on young girls’ intuitive number sense. PLOS ONE, 16(10), e0258886. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258886
Gonzalez, C. M., Deno, M. L., Kintzer, E., Marantz, P. R., Lypson, M. L., & McKee, M. D. (2018). Patient perspectives on racial and ethnic implicit bias in clinical encounters: Implications for curriculum development. Patient Education and Counseling, 101(9), 1669-1675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2018.05.016
Gonzalez, C. M., Garba, R. J., Liguori, A., Marantz, P. R., Diane McKee, M., & Lypson, M. L. (2018). How to Make or Break Implicit Bias Instruction: Implications for Curriculum Development. Academic Medicine, 93(11 S), S74-S81. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002386
Gonzalez, C. M., Kim, M. Y., & Marantz, P. R. (2014). Implicit Bias and Its Relation to Health Disparities: A Teaching Program and Survey of Medical Students. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 26(1), 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2013.857341
Gonzalez, M., Zeidan, J., Lai, J., Yusuf, A., Wright, N., Steiman, M., . . . Shikako, K. (2022). Socio-demographic disparities in receipt of clinical health care services during the COVID-19 pandemic for Canadian children with disability. BMC Health Serv Res, 22(1), 1434. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08672-1
Goodman, A. D., Blood, T. D., Benavent, K. A., Earp, B. E., Akelman, E., & Blazar, P. E. (2022). Implicit and Explicit Factors That Influence Surgeons’ Decision-Making for Distal Radius Fractures in Older Patients. J Hand Surg Am, 47(8), 719-726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2022.03.013
Gopal, D. P., Chetty, U., O’Donnell, P., Gajria, C., & Blackadder-Weinstein, J. (2021). Implicit bias in healthcare: clinical practice, research and decision making. Future Healthc J, 8(1), 40-48. https://doi.org/10.7861/fhj.2020-0233
Gopalan, A., Winn, A. N., Karter, A. J., & Laiteerapong, N. (2022). Racial and Ethnic Differences in Medication Initiation Among Adults Newly Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes. J Gen Intern Med. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-022-07746-4
Gordijn, E. H., Hindriks, I., Koomen, W., Dijksterhuis, A., & Van Knippenberg, A. (2004). Consequences of stereotype suppression and internal suppression motivation: a self-regulation approach. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 30(2), 212-224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203259935
Gordijn, E. H., & Stapel, D. A. (2006). Behavioural effects of automatic interpersonal versus intergroup social comparison. Br J Soc Psychol, 45(Pt 4), 717-729. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466605×79589
Goyal, M. K., Johnson, T. J., Chamberlain, J. M., Casper, T. C., Simmons, T., Alessandrini, E. A., . . . Alpern, E. R. (2017). Racial and ethnic differences in antibiotic use for viral illness in emergency departments. Pediatrics, 140(4 C7 – e20170203). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-0203
Graetz, D. E., Madni, A., Gossett, J., Kang, G., Sabin, J. A., Santana, V. M., & Russo, C. L. (2021). Role of implicit bias in pediatric cancer clinical trials and enrollment recommendations among pediatric oncology providers. Cancer, 127(2), 284-290. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33268
Grandey, A. A., Houston, L., & Avery, D. R. (2019). Fake It to Make It? Emotional Labor Reduces the Racial Disparity in Service Performance Judgments. Journal of Management, 45(5), 2163-2192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206318757019
Gray, G. M., Williams, S. A., Bludevich, B., Irby, I., Chang, H., Danielson, P. D., . . . Chandler, N. M. (2022). Examining Implicit Bias Differences in Pediatric Surgical Fellowship Letters of Recommendation Using Natural Language Processing. J Surg Educ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2022.12.002
Green, D. J., Wout, D. A., & Murphy, M. C. (2021). Learning goals mitigate identity threat for Black individuals in threatening interracial interactions. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27, 201-213. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000331
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychol Rev, 109(1), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.109.1.3
Greenwald, A. G., & Lai, C. K. (2020a). Implicit social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 71, 419-445. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050837
Greenwald, A. G., & Lai, C. K. (2020b). Implicit Social Cognition. Annu Rev Psychol, 71, 419-445. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050837
Groom, V., Bailenson, J. N., & Nass, C. (2009). The influence of racial embodiment on racial bias in immersive virtual environments. Social Influence, 4(3), 231-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510802643750
Grybinas, D., & Dobbins, I. G. (2021). Attempted recall of biographical information influences face attractiveness. Psychon Bull Rev, 28(3), 953-961.
Gulker, J. E., Mark, A. Y., & Monteith, M. J. (2013). Confronting prejudice: The who, what, and why of confrontation effectiveness. Social Influence, 8(4), 280-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2012.736879
Gutierrez, B., Kaatz, A., Chu, S., Ramirez, D., Samson-Samuel, C., & Carnes, M. (2014). “fair Play”: A Videogame Designed to Address Implicit Race Bias Through Active Perspective Taking. Games for Health Journal, 3(6), 371-378. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2013.0071
Gutman, C. K., Lion, K. C., Aronson, P., Fisher, C., Bylund, C., McFarlane, A., . . . Fernandez, R. (2022). Disparities and implicit bias in the management of low-risk febrile infants: a mixed methods study protocol. BMJ Open, 12(9), e063611. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063611
Guzek, R., Goodbody, C. M., Jia, L., Sabatini, C. S., Sankar, W. N., Williams, B. A., & Shah, A. S. (2022). Implicit Racial Bias in Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery. J Pediatr Orthop, 42(7), 393-399. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000002170
Hack, T., Goodwin, S. A., & Fiske, S. T. (2013). Warmth Trumps Competence in Evaluations of Both Ingroup and Outgroup. Int J Sci Commer Humanit, 1(6), 99-105.
Hagiwara, N., Dovidio, J. F., Eggly, S., & Penner, L. A. (2016). The effects of racial attitudes on affect and engagement in racially discordant medical interactions between non-Black physicians and Black patients. Group Process Intergroup Relat, 19(4), 509-527. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216641306
Hagiwara, N., Dovidio, J. F., Stone, J., & Penner, L. A. (2020). Applied Racial/Ethnic Healthcare Disparities Research Using Implicit Measures. Soc Cogn, 38(Suppl), s68-s97. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2020.38.supp.s68
Hagiwara, N., Duffy, C., & Quillin, J. (2022). Implicit and explicit racial prejudice and stereotyping toward Black (vs. White) Americans: The prevalence and variation among genetic counselors in North America. J Genet Couns. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgc4.1648
Hagiwara, N., Elston Lafata, J., Mezuk, B., Vrana, S. R., & Fetters, M. D. (2019). Detecting implicit racial bias in provider communication behaviors to reduce disparities in healthcare: Challenges, solutions, and future directions for provider communication training. Patient Educ Couns, 102(9), 1738-1743.
Hagiwara, N., Kron, F. W., Scerbo, M. W., & Watson, G. S. (2020). A call for grounding implicit bias training in clinical and translational frameworks. The Lancet, 395(10234), 1457-1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30846-1
Hagiwara, N., Penner, L. A., Gonzalez, R., Eggly, S., Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., . . . Albrecht, T. L. (2013). Racial attitudes, physician-patient talk time ratio, and adherence in racially discordant medical interactions. Soc Sci Med, 87, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.03.016
Hagiwara, N., Slatcher, R. B., Eggly, S., & Penner, L. A. (2017). Physician Racial Bias and Word Use during Racially Discordant Medical Interactions. Health Communication, 32(4), 401-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1138389
Hahn, A., & Gawronski, B. (2019). Facing one’s implicit biases: From awareness to acknowledgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116(5), 769-794. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000155
Hahn, A., Judd, C. M., Hirsh, H. K., & Blair, I. V. (2014). Awareness of implicit attitudes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 1369-1392. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035028
Haider, A. H., Schneider, E. B., Sriram, N., Dossick, D. S., Scott, V. K., Swoboda, S. M., . . . Cooper, L. A. (2014). Unconscious race and class bias: its association with decision making by trauma and acute care surgeons. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 77(3), 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000000392
Halberstadt, A. G., Castro, V. L., Chu, Q., Lozada, F. T., & Sims, C. M. (2018). Preservice teachers’ racialized emotion recognition, anger bias, and hostility attributions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 54, 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.06.004
Halberstadt, A. G., Cooke, A. N., Garner, P. W., Hughes, S. A., Oertwig, D., & Neupert, S. D. (2022). Racialized Emotion Recognition Accuracy and Anger Bias of Children’s Faces. Emotion, 22(3), 403-417. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000756
Hall, W. J., Chapman, M. V., Lee, K. M., Merino, Y. M., Thomas, T. W., Payne, B. K., . . . Coyne-Beasley, T. (2015). Implicit Racial/Ethnic Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Its Influence on Health Care Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Am J Public Health, 105(12), e60-76.
Halvorson, E. E., Curley, T., Wright, M., & Skelton, J. A. (2019). Weight Bias in Pediatric Inpatient Care. Acad Pediatr, 19(7), 780-786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2019.02.005
Hamed, S., Bradby, H., Ahlberg, B. M., & Thapar-Björkert, S. (2022). Racism in healthcare: a scoping review. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 988. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13122-y
Han, H. R., Miller, H. N., Nkimbeng, M., Budhathoki, C., Mikhael, T., Rivers, E., . . . Wilson, P. (2021). Trauma informed interventions: A systematic review. PLoS One, 16(6), e0252747. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252747
Hansen, M., Schoonover, A., Skarica, B., Harrod, T., Bahr, N., & Guise, J. M. (2019). Implicit gender bias among US resident physicians. BMC Medical Education, 19(1 C7 – 396). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1818-1
Hardeman, R. R., Medina, E. M., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2016). Structural Racism and Supporting Black Lives – The Role of Health Professionals. N Engl J Med, 375(22), 2113-2115. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1609535
Hasler, B. S., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2017a). Virtual race transformation reverses racial in-group bias. PLoS One, 12(4), e0174965. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174965
Hasler, B. S., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2017b). Virtual race transformation reverses racial ingroup bias. PLoS ONE, 12(4 C7 – e0174965). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174965
Hehman, E., Flake, J. K., & Calanchini, J. (2018). Disproportionate Use of Lethal Force in Policing Is Associated With Regional Racial Biases of Residents. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(4), 393-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617711229
Hehman, E., Volpert, H. I., & Simons, R. F. (2014). The N400 as an index of racial stereotype accessibility. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(4 C7 – nst018), 544-552. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst018
Heilman, M. E., & Chen, J. J. (2005). Same behavior, different consequences: reactions to men’s and women’s altruistic citizenship behavior. J Appl Psychol, 90(3), 431-441. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.431
Heilman, M. E., & Haynes, M. C. (2005). No credit where credit is due: attributional rationalization of women’s success in male-female teams. J Appl Psychol, 90(5), 905-916. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.905
Heilman, M. E., & Okimoto, T. G. (2007). Why are women penalized for success at male tasks?: the implied communality deficit. J Appl Psychol, 92(1), 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.81
Heilman, M. E., Wallen, A. S., Fuchs, D., & Tamkins, M. M. (2004). Penalties for success: reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks. J Appl Psychol, 89(3), 416-427. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.3.416
Helm, R. K., Ceci, S. J., & Burd, K. A. (2016). Can Implicit Associations Distinguish True and False Eyewitness Memory? Development and Preliminary Testing of the IATe. Behav Sci Law, 34(6), 803-819.
Hendrix, K. G. (2002). “did being black introduce bias into your study?”: Attempting to mute the Race-Related research of black scholars. Howard Journal of Communications, 13(2), 153-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170290089935
Henry, R., Liasidis, P. K., Olson, B., Clark, D., Gomez, T. H., Ghafil, C., . . . Inaba, K. (2023). Disparities in Care Among Gunshot Victims: A Nationwide Analysis. J Surg Res, 283, 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2022.10.009
Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575-604. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135109
Himmelstein, M. S., Puhl, R. M., & Quinn, D. M. (2019). Overlooked and Understudied: Health Consequences of Weight Stigma in Men. Obesity (Silver Spring), 27(10), 1598-1605. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22599
Hirsch, J., Tiede, M., Zhang, X., Noah, J. A., Salama-Manteau, A., & Biriotti, M. (2021). Interpersonal Agreement and Disagreement During Face-to-Face Dialogue: An fNIRS Investigation [Original Research]. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.606397
Hirsh, A. T., Hollingshead, N. A., Ashburn-Nardo, L., & Kroenke, K. (2015). The interaction of patient race, provider bias, and clinical ambiguity on pain management decisions. J Pain, 16(6), 558-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2015.03.003
Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Nosek, B. A., & Schmitt, M. (2005). What moderates implicit—explicit consistency? European Review of Social Psychology, 16(1), 335-390. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280500443228
Holroyd, J. (2012). Responsibility for implicit bias. Journal of Social Philosophy, 43(3), 274-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9833.2012.01565.x
Holroyd, J. (2015). Implicit bias, awareness and imperfect cognitions. Consciousness and Cognition, 33, 511-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.08.024
Hoppitt, L., Mathews, A., Yiend, J., & Mackintosh, B. (2010). Cognitive mechanisms underlying the emotional effects of bias modification. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(3), 312-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1678
Howell, J. L., Gaither, S. E., & Ratliff, K. A. (2015). Caught in the Middle: Defensive Responses to IAT Feedback Among Whites, Blacks, and Biracial Black/Whites. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(4), 373-381. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614561127
Howell, J. L., & Ratliff, K. A. (2017). Not your average bigot: The better-than-average effect and defensive responding to Implicit Association Test feedback. British Journal of Social Psychology, 56(1), 125-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12168
Hoyt, C. L., & Burnette, J. L. (2013). Gender Bias in Leader Evaluations: Merging Implicit Theories and Role Congruity Perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(10), 1306-1319. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213493643
Hunsinger, M., Livingston, R., & Isbell, L. (2013). The Impact of Loving-Kindness Meditation on Affective Learning and Cognitive Control. Mindfulness, 4(3), 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0125-2
Huntsinger, J. R., Sinclair, S., & Clore, G. L. (2009). Affective regulation of implicitly measured stereotypes and attitudes: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(3), 560-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.01.007
Hymel, K. P., Laskey, A. L., Crowell, K. R., Wang, M., Armijo-Garcia, V., Frazier, T. N., . . . Karst, W. A. (2018). Racial and Ethnic Disparities and Bias in the Evaluation and Reporting of Abusive Head Trauma. Journal of Pediatrics, 198, 137-143.e131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.01.048
Inzlicht, M., Gutsell, J. N., & Legault, L. (2012). Mimicry reduces racial prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 361-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.06.007
Isaac, C., Griffin, L., & Carnes, M. (2010). A qualitative study of faculty members’ views of women chairs. Journal of Women’s Health, 19(3), 533-546. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1506
Ito, T. A., Chiao, K. W., Devine, P. G., Lorig, T. S., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006). The influence of facial feedback on race bias. Psychological Science, 17(3), 256-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01694.x
Ito, T. A., Friedman, N. P., Bartholow, B. D., Correll, J., Loersch, C., Altamirano, L. J., & Miyake, A. (2015). Toward a comprehensive understanding of executive cognitive function in implicit racial bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(2), 187-218. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038557
Jackson, S. M., Hillard, A. L., & Schneider, T. R. (2014). Using implicit bias training to improve attitudes toward women in STEM. Social Psychology of Education, 17(3), 419-438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-014-9259-5
Jacoby-Senghor, D. S., Sinclair, S., & Shelton, J. N. (2016). A lesson in bias: The relationship between implicit racial bias and performance in pedagogical contexts. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 63, 50-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.10.010
Jaffee, K. D., Shires, D. A., & Stroumsa, D. (2016). Discrimination and Delayed Health Care Among Transgender Women and Men: Implications for Improving Medical Education and Health Care Delivery. Med Care, 54(11), 1010-1016. https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000000583
James, L. (2018). The Stability of Implicit Racial Bias in Police Officers. Police Quarterly, 21(1), 30-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611117732974
James, S. A. (2017). The strangest of all encounters: Racial and ethnic discrimination in US health care. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 33 C7 – e00104416. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00104416
Job, C., Adenipekun, B., Cleves, A., & Samuriwo, R. (2022). Health professional’s implicit bias of adult patients with low socioeconomic status (SES) and its effects on clinical decision-making: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open, 12(12), e059837. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059837
Johnson, T. J. (2020). Racial Bias and Its Impact on Children and Adolescents. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 67(2), 425-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2019.12.011
Johnson, T. J., Ellison, A. M., Dalembert, G., Fowler, J., Dhingra, M., Shaw, K., & Ibrahim, S. (2017). Implicit Bias in Pediatric Academic Medicine. Journal of the National Medical Association, 109(3), 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2017.03.003
Johnson, T. J., Hickey, R. W., Switzer, G. E., Miller, E., Winger, D. G., Nguyen, M., . . . Hausmann, L. R. (2016a). The Impact of Cognitive Stressors in the Emergency Department on Physician Implicit Racial Bias. Acad Emerg Med, 23(3), 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.12901
Johnson, T. J., Hickey, R. W., Switzer, G. E., Miller, E., Winger, D. G., Nguyen, M., . . . Hausmann, L. R. M. (2016b). The Impact of Cognitive Stressors in the Emergency Department on Physician Implicit Racial Bias. Academic Emergency Medicine, 23(3), 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.12901
Johnson, T. J., Winger, D. G., Hickey, R. W., Switzer, G. E., Miller, E., Nguyen, M. B., . . . Hausmann, L. R. M. (2017). Comparison of Physician Implicit Racial Bias Toward Adults Versus Children. Academic Pediatrics, 17(2), 120-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2016.08.010
Johnson-Agbakwu, C. E., Ali, N. S., Oxford, C. M., Wingo, S., Manin, E., & Coonrod, D. V. (2022). Racism, COVID-19, and Health Inequity in the USA: a Call to Action. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 9(1), 52-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00928-y
Jones, M. U., Banaag, A., Nafea, S. S., & Koehlmoos, T. P. (2022). Evaluation of Racial Disparities in Suspected Child Abuse among Insured Children with Head Injury. Child Maltreat, 10775595221148424. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775595221148424
Jones, T. L., Hamilton, P., & Murry, N. (2015). Unfinished nursing care, missed care, and implicitly rationed care: State of the science review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(6), 1121-1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.02.012
Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., & Zanna, M. P. (2005). Types of high self-esteem and prejudice: how implicit self-esteem relates to ethnic discrimination among high explicit self-esteem individuals. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 31(5), 693-702. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271580
Joseph, O. R., Flint, S. W., Raymond-Williams, R., Awadzi, R., & Johnson, J. (2021). Understanding Healthcare Students’ Experiences of Racial Bias: A Narrative Review of the Role of Implicit Bias and Potential Interventions in Educational Settings. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312771
Jost, J. T. (2019). The IAT Is Dead, Long Live the IAT: Context-Sensitive Measures of Implicit Attitudes Are Indispensable to Social and Political Psychology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418797309
Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology,
Jost, J. T., Chaikalis-Petritsis, V., Abrams, D., Sidanius, J., van der Toorn, J., & Bratt, C. (2012). Why men (and women) do and don’t rebel: effects of system justification on willingness to protest. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 38(2), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211422544
Jost, J. T., & Kay, A. C. (2005). Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification. J Pers Soc Psychol, 88(3), 498-509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.498
Jost, J. T., Rudman, L. A., Blair, I. V., Carney, D. R., Dasgupta, N., Glaser, J., & Hardin, C. D. (2009). The existence of implicit bias is beyond reasonable doubt: A refutation of ideological and methodological objections and executive summary of ten studies that no manager should ignore. Research in Organizational Behavior, 29, 39-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2009.10.001
Joy-Gaba, J. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2010). The surprisingly limited malleability of implicit racial evaluations. Social Psychology, 41(3), 137-146. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000020
Kahn, K. B., & Davies, P. G. (2011). Differentially dangerous? phenotypic racial stereotypicality increases implicit bias among ingroup and outgroup members. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 14(4), 569-580. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210374609
Kalejta, R. F., & Palmenberg, A. C. (2017). Gender parity trends for invited speakers at four prominent virology conference series. Journal of Virology, 91(16 C7 – e00739-17). https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00739-17
Kales, H. C., & Mellow, A. M. (2006). Race and depression: Does race affect the diagnosis and treatment of late-life depression? Geriatrics, 61(5), 18-21.
Kalra, A., Pokharel, Y., Glusenkamp, N., Wei, J., Kerkar, P. G., Oetgen, W. J., . . . Investigators, P. I. Q. I. P. P. (2016). Gender disparities in cardiovascular care access and delivery in India: Insights from the American College of Cardiology’s PINNACLE India Quality Improvement Program (PIQIP). Int J Cardiol, 215, 248-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.058
Kang, H., Zhang, P., Lee, S., Shen, S., & Dunham, E. (2022). Racial disparities in opioid administration and prescribing in the emergency department for pain. Am J Emerg Med, 55, 167-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2022.02.043
Kang, Y., Gray, J. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2014). The nondiscriminating heart: lovingkindness meditation training decreases implicit intergroup bias. J Exp Psychol Gen, 143(3), 1306-1313. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034150
Kang, Y., Gray, J. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2015). The Head and the Heart: Effects of Understanding and Experiencing Lovingkindness on Attitudes Toward the Self and Others. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0355-6
Kaufman, J. C., Niu, W., Sexton, J. D., & Cole, J. C. (2010). In the eye of the beholder: Differences across ethnicity and gender in evaluating creative work. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(2), 496-511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00584.x
Kawakami, K., Amodio, D. M., & Hugenberg, K. (2017). Intergroup Perception and Cognition: An Integrative Framework for Understanding the Causes and Consequences of Social Categorization. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 55, pp. 1-80). Academic Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.001
Kawakami, K., Dovidio, J. F., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2003). Effect of social category priming on personal attitudes. Psychol Sci, 14(4), 315-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.14451
Kawakami, K., Phills, C. E., Steele, J. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2007). (Close) distance makes the heart grow fonder:Improving implicit racial attitudes and interracial interactions through approach behaviors. J Pers Soc Psychol, 92(6), 957-971. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.957
Kellogg, A. J., Hancock, D. W., Cho, G. Y., & Reid, A. E. (2023). Community-level age bias and older adult mortality. Soc Sci Med, 317, 115449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115449
Kelly, A., & Barnes-Holmes, D. (2013). Implicit attitudes towards children with autism versus normally developing children as predictors of professional burnout and psychopathology. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(1), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.018
Kilgus, M. D., Pumariega, A. J., & Cuffe, S. P. (1995). Influence of Race on Diagnosis in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(1), 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199501000-00016
Kim, I., Field, T. S., Wan, D., Humphries, K., & Sedlak, T. (2022). Sex and Gender Bias as a Mechanistic Determinant of Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes. Can J Cardiol, 38(12), 1865-1880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2022.09.009
Kim, S., Bochatay, N., Relyea-Chew, A., Buttrick, E., Amdahl, C., Kim, L., . . . Lee, Y. M. (2017). Individual, interpersonal, and organisational factors of healthcare conflict: A scoping review. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 31(3), 282-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2016.1272558
Klein, E. W., & Nakhai, M. (2016). Caring for LGBTQ patients: Methods for improving physician cultural competence. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine,
Klein, R., Julian, K. A., Snyder, E. D., Koch, J., Ufere, N. N., Volerman, A., . . . Palamara, K. (2019). Gender Bias in Resident Assessment in Graduate Medical Education: Review of the Literature. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 34(5), 712-719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04884-0
Kleissner, V., & Jahn, G. (2020). Implicit and Explicit Measurement of Work-Related Age Attitudes and Age Stereotypes. Front Psychol, 11, 579155. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579155
Knutson, K. M., Mah, L., Manly, C. F., & Grafman, J. (2007). Neural correlates of automatic beliefs about gender and race. Human Brain Mapping, 28(10), 915-930. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20320
Kubota, J. T., Li, J., Bar-David, E., Banaji, M. R., & Phelps, E. A. (2013). The Price of Racial Bias: Intergroup Negotiations in the Ultimatum Game. Psychological Science, 24(12), 2498-2504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613496435
Kühberger, A., Fritz, A., & Scherndl, T. (2014). Publication bias in psychology: A diagnosis based on the correlation between effect size and sample size. PLoS ONE, 9(9 C7 – e105825). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105825
Kühn, S., Müller, B. C., van Baaren, R. B., Wietzker, A., Dijksterhuis, A., & Brass, M. (2010). Why do I like you when you behave like me? Neural mechanisms mediating positive consequences of observing someone being imitated. Soc Neurosci, 5(4), 384-392. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470911003633750
LaCosse, J., & Plant, E. A. (2020). Internal motivation to respond without prejudice fosters respectful responses in interracial interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119, 1037-1056. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000219
Lai, J. C., Pomfret, E. A., & Verna, E. C. (2022). Implicit bias and the gender inequity in liver transplantation. Am J Transplant, 22(6), 1515-1518.
Lalvani, P., & Broderick, A. A. (2013). Institutionalized Ableism and the Misguided “Disability Awareness Day”: Transformative Pedagogies for Teacher Education. Equity and Excellence in Education, 46(4), 468-483. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2013.838484
Lawrence, B. J., Kerr, D., Pollard, C. M., Theophilus, M., Alexander, E., Haywood, D., & O’Connor, M. (2021). Weight bias among health care professionals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring), 29(11), 1802-1812. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23266
Lee, C. J., Sugimoto, C. R., Zhang, G., & Cronin, B. (2013). Bias in peer review. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 64(1), 2-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22784
Lee, C. M. Y., Mnatzaganian, G., Woodward, M., Chow, C. K., Sitas, F., Robinson, S., & Huxley, R. R. (2019). Sex disparities in the management of coronary heart disease in general practices in Australia. Heart, 105(24), 1898-1904. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315134
Leitner, J. B., Hehman, E., Ayduk, O., & Mendoza-Denton, R. (2016a). Blacks’ Death Rate Due to Circulatory Diseases Is Positively Related to Whites’ Explicit Racial Bias: A Nationwide Investigation Using Project Implicit. Psychological Science, 27(10), 1299-1311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616658450
Leitner, J. B., Hehman, E., Ayduk, O., & Mendoza-Denton, R. (2016b). Racial bias is associated with ingroup death rate for Blacks and Whites: Insights from Project Implicit. Social Science and Medicine, 170, 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.10.007
Levin, E. C. (2021). An Exploration of Implicit Racial Bias as a Source of Diagnostic Error. Am J Psychoanal, 81(4), 496-510. https://doi.org/10.1057/s11231-021-09327-6
Levine, C. S., & Ambady, N. (2013). The role of non‐verbal behaviour in racial disparities in health care: Implications and solutions. Medical Education, 47, 867-876. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12216
Levinson, J. D. (2007). Forgotten racial equality: Implicit bias, decisionmaking, and misremembering. Duke Law Journal, 57(2), 345-424.
Liang, J., Wolsiefer, K., Zestcott, C. A., Chase, D., & Stone, J. (2019). Implicit bias toward cervical cancer: Provider and training differences. Gynecol Oncol, 153(1), 80-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.01.013
Loehrer, A. P., Cevallos, P. C., Jiménez, R. T., & Wong, S. L. (2023). Reporting on Race and Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer: The Neglect of Racism as a Driver of Inequitable Care. Ann Surg, 277(2), 329-334. https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000005191
Longcoy, J., Patwari, R., Hasler, S., Johnson, T., Avery, E., Stefanini, K., . . . Lynch, E. (2022). Racial and Ethnic Differences in Hospital Admissions of Emergency Department COVID-19 Patients. Med Care, 60(6), 415-422. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001710
Lopez, S., Yang, Y., Beltran, K., Kim, S. J., Hernandez, J. C., Simran, C., . . . Yuksel, B. F. (2019). Investigating implicit gender bias and embodiment of white males in virtual reality with full body visuomotor synchrony. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – Proceedings,
Lorié, Á., Reinero, D. A., Phillips, M., Zhang, L., & Riess, H. (2017). Culture and nonverbal expressions of empathy in clinical settings: A systematic review. Patient Education and Counseling, 100(3), 411-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.09.018
Lucas, H. D., Creery, J. D., Hu, X., & Paller, K. A. (2019). Grappling With Implicit Social Bias: A Perspective From Memory Research. Neuroscience, 406, 684-697.
Lueke, A., & Gibson, B. (2015). Mindfulness Meditation Reduces Implicit Age and Race Bias: The Role of Reduced Automaticity of Responding. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(3), 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614559651
Lynagh, M., Cliff, K., & Morgan, P. J. (2015). Attitudes and Beliefs of Nonspecialist and Specialist Trainee Health and Physical Education Teachers Toward Obese Children: Evidence for “Anti-Fat” Bias. Journal of School Health, 85(9), 595-603. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12287
Magua, W., Zhu, X., Bhattacharya, A., Filut, A., Potvien, A., Leatherberry, R., . . . Kaatz, A. (2017). Are Female Applicants Disadvantaged in National Institutes of Health Peer Review? Combining Algorithmic Text Mining and Qualitative Methods to Detect Evaluative Differences in R01 Reviewers’ Critiques. Journal of Women’s Health, 26(5), 560-570. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2016.6021
Maina, I. W., Belton, T. D., Ginzberg, S., Singh, A., & Johnson, T. J. (2018). A decade of studying implicit racial/ethnic bias in healthcare providers using the implicit association test. Social Science and Medicine, 199, 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.009
Maister, L., Sebanz, N., Knoblich, G., & Tsakiris, M. (2013). Experiencing ownership over a dark-skinned body reduces implicit racial bias. Cognition, 128(2), 170-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.04.002
Major, B., Mendes, W. B., & Dovidio, J. F. (2013). Intergroup relations and health disparities: a social psychological perspective. Health Psychol, 32(5), 514-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030358
Malinen, S., & Johnston, L. (2013). Workplace ageism: Discovering hidden bias. Experimental Aging Research, 39(4), 445-465. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2013.808111
March, D. S., & Graham, R. (2015). Exploring implicit ingroup and outgroup bias toward Hispanics. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 18(1), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430214542256
Marini, M., Sriram, N., Schnabel, K., Maliszewski, N., Devos, T., Ekehammar, B., . . . Nosek, B. A. (2013). Overweight people have low levels of implicit weight bias, but overweight nations have high levels of implicit weight bias. PLoS ONE, 8(12 C7 – e83543). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083543
Martin, G. C., Kirgis, J., Sid, E., & Sabin, J. A. (2016). Equitable imagery in the preclinical medical school curriculum: Findings from one medical school. Academic Medicine, 91(7), 1002-1006. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001105
Marvel, J. D. (2016). Unconscious Bias in Citizens Evaluations of Public Sector Performance. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 26(1), 143-158. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muu053
Masten, C. L., Telzer, E. H., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2011). An fMRI investigation of attributing negative social treatment to racial discrimination. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(5), 1042-1051. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21520
Mathur, V. A., Richeson, J. A., Paice, J. A., Muzyka, M., & Chiao, J. Y. (2014). Racial bias in pain perception and response: experimental examination of automatic and deliberate processes. J Pain, 15(5), 476-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2014.01.488
Maxfield, C. M., Thorpe, M. P., Desser, T. S., Heitkamp, D., Hull, N. C., Johnson, K. S., . . . Grimm, L. J. (2020). Awareness of implicit bias mitigates discrimination in radiology resident selection. Medical Education, 54(7), 637-642. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14146
May, C., Wang, A., Bordia, S., Bowman, S. R., & Rudinger, R. (2019). On measuring social biases in sentence encoders. NAACL HLT 2019 – 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies – Proceedings of the Conference,
Meadows, A., Higgs, S., Burke, S. E., Dovidio, J. F., van Ryn, M., & Phelan, S. M. (2017). Social Dominance Orientation, Dispositional Empathy, and Need for Cognitive Closure Moderate the Impact of Empathy-Skills Training, but Not Patient Contact, on Medical Students’ Negative Attitudes toward Higher-Weight Patients. Front Psychol, 8, 504. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00504
Mekawi, Y., Bresin, K., & Hunter, C. D. (2016). White fear, dehumanization, and low empathy: Lethal combinations for shooting biases. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22, 322-332. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000067
Mendes, W. B., Gray, H. M., Mendoza-Denton, R., Major, B., & Epel, E. S. (2007). Why egalitarianism might be good for your health: Physiological thriving during stressful intergroup encounters. Psychological Science, 18(11), 991-998. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02014.x
Merritt, A. C., Effron, D. A., Fein, S., Savitsky, K. K., Tuller, D. M., & Monin, B. (2012). The strategic pursuit of moral credentials. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 774-777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.017
Migacheva, K., & Tropp, L. R. (2013). Learning orientation as a predictor of positive intergroup contact. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 16, 426-444. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430212455854
Milam, A. J., Furr-Holden, D., Edwards-Johnson, J., Webb, B., Patton, J. W., Ezekwemba, N. C., . . . Stephens, B. C. (2020). Are Clinicians Contributing to Excess African American COVID-19 Deaths? Unbeknownst to Them, They May Be. Health Equity, 4(1), 139-141. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0015
Miller, D. P., Spangler, J. G., Vitolins, M. Z., Davis, S. W., Ip, E. H., Marion, G. S., & Crandall, S. J. (2013). Are medical students aware of their anti-obesity bias? Academic Medicine, 88(7), 978-982. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e318294f817
Miller, T., Carter, S. V., & Smith, B. A. (2021). Disparities in acute decompensated heart failure. Curr Opin Cardiol, 36(3), 335-339. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000856
Mitchell, J. A., & Perry, R. (2020). Disparities in patient-centered communication for Black and Latino men in the U.S.: Cross-sectional results from the 2010 health and retirement study. PLoS One, 15(9), e0238356. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238356
Mondillon, L., Niedenthal, P. M., Gil, S., & Droit-Volet, S. (2007). Imitation of in-group versus out-group members’ facial expressions of anger: A test with a time perception task. Social Neuroscience, 2(3-4), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470910701376894
Monteith, L. L., & Pettit, J. W. (2011). Implicit and explicit stigmatizing attitudes and stereotypes about depression. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(5), 484-505. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.5.484
Montoya, M. J., & Howard, B. M. (2008). Dangerous implications of racial genetics research. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 198(4), 483; author reply 483-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2007.11.042
Morris, M., Cooper, R. L., Ramesh, A., Tabatabai, M., Arcury, T. A., Shinn, M., . . . Matthews-Juarez, P. (2019). Training to reduce LGBTQ-related bias among medical, nursing, and dental students and providers: A systematic review. BMC Medical Education, 19(1 C7 – 325). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1727-3
Moss, A. J., Budd, R. D., Blanchard, M. A., & O’Brien, L. T. (2023). The upside of acknowledging prejudiced behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 104, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104401
Moss-Racusin, C. A., Dovidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., Graham, M. J., & Handelsman, J. (2012). Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 109(41), 16474-16479. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211286109
Moss-Racusin, C. A., Pietri, E. S., Hennes, E. P., Dovidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., Roussos, G., & Handelsman, J. (2018). Reducing STEM gender bias with VIDS (video interventions for diversity in STEM). J Exp Psychol Appl, 24(2), 236-260. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000144
Murphy. Leveraging Motivational Mindsets to Foster Positive Interracial Interactions. In.
Murphy, M. C., Richeson, J. A., & Molden, D. C. (2011). Leveraging motivational mindsets to foster positive interracial interactions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5, 118-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00338.x
Murphy, M. C., & Walton, G. M. (2013). From prejudiced people to prejudiced places: A social-contextual approach to prejudice. In Stereotyping and prejudice. (pp. 181-203). Psychology Press.
Müller, B. C., Kühn, S., van Baaren, R. B., Dotsch, R., Brass, M., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2011). Perspective taking eliminates differences in co-representation of out-group members’ actions. Exp Brain Res, 211(3-4), 423-428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2654-7
Neel, R., & Shapiro, J. R. (2012). Is racial bias malleable? Whites’ lay theories of racial bias predict divergent strategies for interracial interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 101-120. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028237
Nestler, D. M., Gilani, W. I., Anderson, R. T., Bellolio, M. F., Branda, M. E., LeBlanc, A., . . . Hess, E. P. (2017). Does gender bias in cardiac stress testing still exist? A videographic analysis nested in a randomized controlled trial. Am J Emerg Med, 35(1), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2016.09.054
Nicolas, G., Bai, X., & Fiske, S. T. (2022). A spontaneous stereotype content model: Taxonomy, properties, and prediction. J Pers Soc Psychol, 123(6), 1243-1263. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000312
Nix, J., Campbell, B. A., Byers, E. H., & Alpert, G. P. (2017). A Bird’s Eye View of Civilians Killed by Police in 2015: Further Evidence of Implicit Bias. Criminology and Public Policy, 16(1), 309-340. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12269
No authorship, i. (2018). “The empathy impulse: A multinomial model of intentional and unintentional empathy for pain”: Correction. Emotion, 18, 368-368. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000427
North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2013). Act your (old) age: prescriptive, ageist biases over succession, consumption, and identity. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 39(6), 720-734. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213480043
Obrien, M., Peyton, V., Mistry, R., Hruda, L., Jacobs, A., Caldera, Y., & Roy, C. (2000). Gender-role cognition in three-year-old boys and girls. Sex Roles, 42, 1007-1025.
Odugbesan, O., Addala, A., Nelson, G., Hopkins, R., Cossen, K., Schmitt, J., . . . Ebekozien, O. (2022). Implicit Racial-Ethnic and Insurance-Mediated Bias to Recommending Diabetes Technology: Insights from T1D Exchange Multicenter Pediatric and Adult Diabetes Provider Cohort. Diabetes Technol Ther, 24(9), 619-627. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2022.0042
Okazaki, S. (2009). Impact of Racism on Ethnic Minority Mental Health. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(1), 103-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01099.x
Okimoto, T. G., & Brescoll, V. L. (2010). The price of power: power seeking and backlash against female politicians. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 36(7), 923-936. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210371949
Oldmeadow, J. A., & Fiske, S. T. (2012). Contentment to resentment: Variation in stereotype content across status systems. Anal Soc Issues Public Policy, 12(1), 324-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2011.01277.x
Oliver, T. L., Shenkman, R., Diewald, L. K., & Dowdell, E. B. (2021). Nursing students’ perspectives on observed weight bias in healthcare settings: A qualitative study. Nurs Forum, 56(1), 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12522
Onyeador, I. N., Hudson, S. K. T. J., & Lewis, N. A. (2021). Moving Beyond Implicit Bias Training: Policy Insights for Increasing Organizational Diversity. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732220983840
Onyeador, I. N., Wittlin, N. M., Burke, S. E., Dovidio, J. F., Perry, S. P., Hardeman, R. R., . . . van Ryn, M. (2020). The Value of Interracial Contact for Reducing Anti-Black Bias Among Non-Black Physicians: A Cognitive Habits and Growth Evaluation (CHANGE) Study Report. Psychological Science, 31(1), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619879139
Orchard, J., & Price, J. (2017). County-level racial prejudice and the black-white gap in infant health outcomes. Social Science and Medicine, 181, 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.036
Oswald, P. A. (2000). Subtle sex bias in empathy and helping behavior. Psychol Rep, 87(2), 545-551. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.2.545
Pantos, A. J., & Perkins, A. W. (2013). Measuring Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Foreign Accented Speech. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 32(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X12463005
Patel, N., Patel, S., Cotti, E., Bardini, G., & Mannocci, F. (2019a). Unconscious Racial Bias May Affect Dentists’ Clinical Decisions on Tooth Restorability: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JDR Clin Trans Res, 4(1), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/2380084418812886
Patel, N., Patel, S., Cotti, E., Bardini, G., & Mannocci, F. (2019b). Unconscious Racial Bias May Affect Dentists’ Clinical Decisions on Tooth Restorability: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JDR Clinical and Translational Research, 4(1), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/2380084418812886
Payne, B. K., & Hannay, J. W. (2021). Implicit bias reflects systemic racism. Trends Cogn Sci, 25(11), 927-936.
Payne, B. K., Vuletich, H. A., & Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L. (2019). Historical roots of implicit bias in slavery. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(24), 11693-11698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818816116
Pearl, R. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2015). Experiencing weight bias in an unjust world: Impact on exercise and internalization. Health Psychol, 34(7), 741-749. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000178
Pearson, A. R., Dovidio, J. F., Phills, C. E., & Onyeador, I. N. (2013). Attitude-goal correspondence and interracial interaction: Implications for executive function and impression formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(5), 907-914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.015
Peck, T. C., Good, J. J., & Seitz, K. (2021). Evidence of Racial Bias Using Immersive Virtual Reality: Analysis of Head and Hand Motions During Shooting Decisions. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph, 27(5), 2502-2512. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2021.3067767
Peck, T. C., Seinfeld, S., Aglioti, S. M., & Slater, M. (2013). Putting yourself in the skin of a black avatar reduces implicit racial bias. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(3), 779-787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2013.04.016
Penner, L. A., Blair, I. V., Albrecht, T. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2014). Reducing Racial Health Care Disparities: A Social Psychological Analysis. Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci, 1(1), 204-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732214548430
Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Gonzalez, R., Albrecht, T. L., Chapman, R., Foster, T., . . . Eggly, S. (2016a). The Effects of Oncologist Implicit Racial Bias in Racially Discordant Oncology Interactions. J Clin Oncol, 34(24), 2874-2880. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.66.3658
Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Gonzalez, R., Albrecht, T. L., Chapman, R., Foster, T., . . . Eggly, S. (2016b). The effects of oncologist implicit racial bias in racially discordant oncology interactions. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 34(24), 2874-2880. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.66.3658
Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., West, T. V., Gaertner, S. L., Albrecht, T. L., Dailey, R. K., & Markova, T. (2010). Aversive Racism and Medical Interactions with Black Patients: A Field Study. J Exp Soc Psychol, 46(2), 436-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.11.004
Penner, L. A., Gaertner, S., Dovidio, J. F., Hagiwara, N., Porcerelli, J., Markova, T., & Albrecht, T. L. (2013). A social psychological approach to improving the outcomes of racially discordant medical interactions. J Gen Intern Med, 28(9), 1143-1149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-013-2339-y
Penner, L. A., Hagiwara, N., Eggly, S., Gaertner, S. L., Albrecht, T. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2013). Racial Healthcare Disparities: A Social Psychological Analysis. Eur Rev Soc Psychol, 24(1), 70-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2013.840973
Peris, T. S., Teachman, B. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2008). Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness: links to clinical care. J Nerv Ment Dis, 196(10), 752-760. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181879dfd
Perry, S. P., Dovidio, J. F., Murphy, M. C., & van Ryn, M. (2015). The joint effect of bias awareness and self-reported prejudice on intergroup anxiety and intentions for intergroup contact. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol, 21(1), 89-96. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037147
Perry, S. P., Murphy, M. C., & Dovidio, J. F. (2015). Modern prejudice: Subtle, but unconscious? The role of Bias Awareness in Whites’ perceptions of personal and others’ biases. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 61, 64-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.06.007
Perry, S. P., Murphy, M. C., & Dovidio, J. F. (2015). Modern prejudice: Subtle, but unconscious? The role of Bias Awareness in Whites’ perceptions of personal and others’ biases. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 61, 64-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.06.007
Peterson, E. R., Rubie-Davies, C., Osborne, D., & Sibley, C. (2016). Teachers’ explicit expectations and implicit prejudiced attitudes to educational achievement: Relations with student achievement and the ethnic achievement gap. Learning and Instruction, 42, 123-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2016.01.010
Peterson, J. L., Puhl, R. M., & Luedicke, J. (2012). An experimental assessment of physical educators’ expectations and attitudes: the importance of student weight and gender. J Sch Health, 82(9), 432-440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2012.00719.x
Petsnik, C., & Vorauer, J. D. (2020). Do dominant group members have different emotional responses to observing dominant-on-dominant versus dominant-on-disadvantaged ostracism? Some evidence for heightened reactivity to potentially discriminatory ingroup behavior. PLoS One, 15(6), e0234540. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234540
Pettit, K. E., Turner, J. S., Kindrat, J. K., Blythe, G. J., Hasty, G. E., Perkins, A. J., . . . Cooper, D. D. (2017). Effect of Socioeconomic Status Bias on Medical Student-Patient Interactions Using an Emergency Medicine Simulation. AEM Educ Train, 1(2), 126-131. https://doi.org/10.1002/aet2.10022
Phelan, S. M., Bauer, K. W., Bradley, D., Bradley, S. M., Haller, I. V., Mundi, M. S., . . . Croghan, I. (2022). A model of weight-based stigma in health care and utilization outcomes: Evidence from the learning health systems network. Obes Sci Pract, 8(2), 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.553
Phelan, S. M., Burgess, D. J., Burke, S. E., Przedworski, J. M., Dovidio, J. F., Hardeman, R., . . . van Ryn, M. (2015). Beliefs about the causes of obesity in a national sample of 4th year medical students. Patient Educ Couns, 98(11), 1446-1449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2015.06.017
Phelan, S. M., Burgess, D. J., Puhl, R., Dyrbye, L. N., Dovidio, J. F., Yeazel, M., . . . van Ryn, M. (2015). The Adverse Effect of Weight Stigma on the Well-Being of Medical Students with Overweight or Obesity: Findings from a National Survey. J Gen Intern Med, 30(9), 1251-1258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3266-x
Phelan, S. M., Burgess, D. J., Yeazel, M. W., Hellerstedt, W. L., Griffin, J. M., & van Ryn, M. (2015). Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity. Obes Rev, 16(4), 319-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12266
Phelan, S. M., Burke, S. E., Hardeman, R. R., White, R. O., Przedworski, J., Dovidio, J. F., . . . van Ryn, M. (2017). Medical School Factors Associated with Changes in Implicit and Explicit Bias Against Gay and Lesbian People among 3492 Graduating Medical Students. J Gen Intern Med, 32(11), 1193-1201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-017-4127-6
Phelan, S. M., Burke, S. E., Hardeman, R. R., White, R. O., Przedworski, J. M., Dovidio, J. F., . . . van Ryn, M. (2018). Correction to: Medical School Factors Associated with Changes in Implicit and Explicit Bias Against Gay and Lesbian People among 3492 Graduating Medical Students. J Gen Intern Med, 33(9), 1586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-018-4423-9
Phelan, S. M., Dovidio, J. F., Puhl, R. M., Burgess, D. J., Nelson, D. B., Yeazel, M. W., . . . van Ryn, M. (2014). Implicit and explicit weight bias in a national sample of 4,732 medical students: the medical student CHANGES study. Obesity (Silver Spring), 22(4), 1201-1208. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20687
Phelan, S. M., Puhl, R. M., Burke, S. E., Hardeman, R., Dovidio, J. F., Nelson, D. B., . . . van Ryn, M. (2015). The mixed impact of medical school on medical students’ implicit and explicit weight bias. Med Educ, 49(10), 983-992. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12770
Phillips, N. A., Tannan, S. C., & Kalliainen, L. K. (2016). Understanding and Overcoming Implicit Gender Bias in Plastic Surgery. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 138(5), 1111-1116. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002668
Pinholster, G. (2016). Journals and funders confront implicit bias in peer review. Science, 352(6289), 1067-1068. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.352.6289.1067
Plaks, J. E. (2017). Implicit Theories: Assumptions That Shape Social and Moral Cognition. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 56, pp. 259-310). Academic Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.02.003
Polhemus, S., Pickett, M. L., Liu, X. J., Fraser, R., Ferguson, C. C., & Drendel, A. L. (2022). Racial Disparities in the Emergency Department Evaluation of Adolescent Girls. Pediatr Emerg Care, 38(7), 307-311. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000002675
Pritlove, C., Juando-Prats, C., Ala-leppilampi, K., & Parsons, J. A. (2019). The good, the bad, and the ugly of implicit bias. The Lancet, 393(10171), 502-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32267-0
Protzko, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2022). Who Denigrates Today’s Youth?: The Role of Age, Implicit Theories, and Sharing the Same Negative Trait. Front Psychol, 13, 723515.
Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2009). The stigma of obesity: a review and update. Obesity (Silver Spring), 17(5), 941-964. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.636
Puhl, R. M., Himmelstein, M. S., Hateley-Browne, J. L., & Speight, J. (2020). Weight stigma and diabetes stigma in U.S. adults with type 2 diabetes: Associations with diabetes self-care behaviors and perceptions of health care. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 168, 108387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108387
Puhl, R. M., Himmelstein, M. S., & Pearl, R. L. (2020). Weight stigma as a psychosocial contributor to obesity. Am Psychol, 75(2), 274-289. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000538
Puhl, R. M., Himmelstein, M. S., & Watson, R. J. (2019). Weight-based victimization among sexual and gender minority adolescents: Findings from a diverse national sample. Pediatr Obes, 14(7), e12514. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12514
Puhl, R. M., & Latner, J. D. (2007). Stigma, obesity, and the health of the nation’s children. Psychol Bull, 133(4), 557-580. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.557
Puhl, R. M., Luedicke, J., & Grilo, C. M. (2014). Obesity bias in training: attitudes, beliefs, and observations among advanced trainees in professional health disciplines. Obesity (Silver Spring), 22(4), 1008-1015. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20637
Puhl, R. M., Phelan, S. M., Nadglowski, J., & Kyle, T. K. (2016). Overcoming Weight Bias in the Management of Patients With Diabetes and Obesity. Clin Diabetes, 34(1), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaclin.34.1.44
Puumala, S. E., Burgess, K. M., Kharbanda, A. B., Zook, H. G., Castille, D. M., Pickner, W. J., & Payne, N. R. (2016). The role of bias by emergency department providers in care for American indian children. Medical Care,
Quinn, D. M. (2020). Experimental Evidence on Teachers’ Racial Bias in Student Evaluation: The Role of Grading Scales. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 42(3), 375-392. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373720932188
Quinn, P. C., Lee, K., & Pascalis, O. (2019). Face Processing in Infancy and Beyond: The Case of Social Categories. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 165-189. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102753
Rae, J. R., Newheiser, A. K., & Olson, K. R. (2015). Exposure to Racial Out-Groups and Implicit Race Bias in the United States. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(5), 535-543. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614567357
Ramirez, F. D., Motazedian, P., Jung, R. G., Di Santo, P., MacDonald, Z., Simard, T., . . . Hibbert, B. (2017). Sex Bias Is Increasingly Prevalent in Preclinical Cardiovascular Research: Implications for Translational Medicine and Health Equity for Women: A Systematic Assessment of Leading Cardiovascular Journals Over a 10-Year Period. Circulation, 135(6), 625-626. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026668
Ratliff, K. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2011). Negativity and outgroup biases in attitude formation and transfer. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(12), 1692-1703. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211420168
Rattan, A., & Dweck, C. S. (2010). Who confronts prejudice? the role of implicit theories in the motivation to confront prejudice. Psychological Science, 21(7), 952-959. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610374740
Rattan, A., & Georgeac, O. A. M. (2017). Understanding intergroup relations through the lens of implicit theories (mindsets) of malleability. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(4 C7 – e12305). https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12305
Rattan, A., & Georgeac, O. A. M. (2017). Understanding intergroup relations through the lens of implicit theories (mindsets) of malleability. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11, No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12305
Reeves, A. N. (2014). Written in Black & White: Exploring confirmation bias is racialized perceptions of writing skills. In (Nextions Yellow Paper Series 2014-0404 ed.). Chicago, IL Nextions: Chicago, IL
Reuben, E., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2014). How stereotypes impair women’s careers in science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(12), 4403-4408. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1314788111
Richeson, J. A., & Sommers, S. R. (2016). Toward a social psychology of race and race relations for the twenty-first century. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 439-463. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115115
Ricks, T. N., Abbyad, C., & Polinard, E. (2022). Undoing Racism and Mitigating Bias Among Healthcare Professionals: Lessons Learned During a Systematic Review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities, 9(5), 1990-2000.
Riddle, T., & Sinclair, S. (2019). Racial disparities in school-based disciplinary actions are associated with county-level rates of racial bias. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(17), 8255-8260. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808307116
Roach, P., Hernandez, S., Carbert, A., Jalil, R., Panaccione, R., & Ruzycki, S. M. (2022). Anti-Indigenous bias of medical school applicants: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ, 22(1), 683. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03739-3
Robstad, N., Westergren, T., Siebler, F., Soderhamn, U., & Fegran, L. (2019). Intensive care nurses’ implicit and explicit attitudes and their behavioural intentions towards obese intensive care patients. J Adv Nurs, 75(12), 3631-3642. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14205
Roderer, T., & Roebers, C. M. (2010). Explicit and implicit confidence judgments and developmental differences in metamemory: An eye-tracking approach. Metacognition and Learning, 5(3), 229-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-010-9059-z
Ross, D. A., Boatright, D., Nunez-Smith, M., Jordan, A., Chekroud, A., & Moore, E. Z. (2017). Differences in words used to describe racial and gender groups in Medical Student Performance Evaluations. PLoS ONE, 12(8 C7 – e0181659). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181659
Rosset, E. (2008). It’s no accident: Our bias for intentional explanations. Cognition, 108(3), 771-780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2008.07.001
Rothman, N. B., Vitriol, J. A., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2022). Internal conflict and prejudice-regulation: Emotional ambivalence buffers against defensive responding to implicit bias feedback. PLoS One, 17(3), e0264535. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264535
Rothschild, Z. K., & Keefer, L. A. (2017). A cleansing fire: Moral outrage alleviates guilt and buffers threats to one’s moral identity. Motivation and Emotion, 41(2), 209-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-017-9601-2
Rubien-Thomas, E., Berrian, N., M Rapuano, K., J Skalaban, L., Cervera, A., Nardos, B., . . . Casey, B. J. (2023). Uncertain threat is associated with greater impulsive actions and neural dissimilarity to Black versus White faces. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-022-01056-2
Rubinstein, R. S., Jussim, L., & Stevens, S. T. (2018). Reliance on individuating information and stereotypes in implicit and explicit person perception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 75, 54-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.11.009
Rudman, L. A. (1998). Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: the costs and benefits of counterstereotypical impression management. J Pers Soc Psychol, 74(3), 629-645. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.3.629
Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (1999). Feminized management and backlash toward agentic women: the hidden costs to women of a kinder, gentler image of middle managers. J Pers Soc Psychol, 77(5), 1004-1010. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.77.5.1004
Rudman, L. A., & Goodwin, S. A. (2004). Gender differences in automatic in-group bias: why do women like women more than men like men? J Pers Soc Psychol, 87(4), 494-509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.494
Régner, I., Thinus-Blanc, C., Netter, A., Schmader, T., & Huguet, P. (2019). Committees with implicit biases promote fewer women when they do not believe gender bias exists. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(11), 1171-1179. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0686-3
Rösler, I. K., & Amodio, D. M. (2022). Neural Basis of Prejudice and Prejudice Reduction. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging, 7(12), 1200-1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.10.008
Saarinen, A., Keltikangas-Järvinen, L., & Ravaja, N. (2022). Ethnicity, minority status, and inter-group bias: A systematic meta-analysis on fMRI studies. Front Hum Neurosci, 16, 1072345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.1072345
Sabin, J., Guenther, G., Ornelas, I. J., Patterson, D. G., Andrilla, C. H. A., Morales, L., . . . Frogner, B. K. (2022). Brief online implicit bias education increases bias awareness among clinical teaching faculty. Med Educ Online, 27(1), 2025307.
Sabin, J. A. (2022). Tackling Implicit Bias in Health Care. N Engl J Med, 387(2), 105-107.
Sabin, J. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2012). The influence of implicit bias on treatment recommendations for 4 common pediatric conditions: Pain, urinary tract infection, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and asthma. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 988-995. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300621
Sabin, J. A., Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Rivara, F. P. (2009). Physicians’ implicit and explicit attitudes about race by MD race, ethnicity, and gender. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 20(3), 896-913. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.0.0185
Sabin, J. A., Rivara, F. P., & Greenwald, A. G. (2008). Physician implicit attitudes and stereotypes about race and quality of medical care. Medical Care, 46(7), 678-685. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181653d58
Sadler, M. S., Correll, J., Park, B., & Judd, C. M. (2012). The World Is Not Black and White: Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot in a Multiethnic Context. Journal of Social Issues, 68(2), 286-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01749.x
Salles, A., Awad, M., Goldin, L., Krus, K., Lee, J. V., Schwabe, M. T., & Lai, C. K. (2019). Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Surgeons. JAMA Netw Open, 2(7), e196545.
Saluja, B., & Bryant, Z. (2021). How Implicit Bias Contributes to Racial Disparities in Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in the United States. Journal of Women’s Health, 30(2), 270-273. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8874
Saul, J. (2013). Scepticism and Implicit Bias. Disputatio, 5(37), 243-263. https://doi.org/10.2478/disp-2013-0019
Sawyer, J., & Gampa, A. (2018). Implicit and Explicit Racial Attitudes Changed During Black Lives Matter. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(7), 1039-1059. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218757454
Sawyer, J. E., & Gampa, A. (2023). Social Movements as Parsimonious Explanations for Implicit and Explicit Attitude Change. Pers Soc Psychol Rev, 27(1), 28-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683221095697
Scaife, R., Stafford, T., Bunge, A., & Holroyd, J. (2020). To Blame? the Effects of Moralized Feedback on Implicit Racial Bias. Collabra: Psychology, 6(1 C7 – 251). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.251
Schaa, K. L., Roter, D. L., Biesecker, B. B., Cooper, L. A., & Erby, L. H. (2015). Genetic counselors’ implicit racial attitudes and their relationship to communication. Health Psychology, 34(2), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000155
Schatz, A. A., Brooks-Coley, K., Harrington, E., Murray, M. S., & Carlson, R. W. (2022). Patient, Caregiver, and Oncologist Experiences With and Perceptions of Racial Bias and Discrimination in Cancer Care Delivery. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 20(10), 1092-1098.e1092. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2022.7051
Schindler-Ruwisch, J., & Aluc, A. (2022). The Relationship of Race and Ethnicity to the Perception of Visual Images of Breastfeeding Mothers. Breastfeed Med, 17(5), 459-465. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0296
Schmader, T., Croft, A., Scarnier, M., Lickel, B., & Mendes, W. B. (2012). Implicit and explicit emotional reactions to witnessing prejudice. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 15(3), 379-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211426163
Schmader, T., Dennehy, T. C., & Baron, A. S. (2022). Why antibias interventions (need not) fail. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17, 1381-1403. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211057565
Schroeder, J., Dugdale, H. L., Radersma, R., Hinsch, M., Buehler, D. M., Saul, J., . . . Horrocks, N. P. C. (2013). Fewer invited talks by women in evolutionary biology symposia. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 26(9), 2063-2069. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12198
Schultz, J. R., & Maddox, K. B. (2013). Shooting the messenger to spite the message? Exploring reactions to claims of racial bias. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 39(3), 346-358. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212475223
Schwartz, E. K., Docherty, N. M., Najolia, G. M., & Cohen, A. S. (2019). Exploring the Racial Diagnostic Bias of Schizophrenia Using Behavioral and Clinical-Based Measures. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(3), 263-271. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000409
Scott, S. B., Gaska, K. A., Knopp, K., Do, Q. A., & Yang, J. P. (2022). Sexual Minority Women and Discriminatory Health Care Experiences: An Intersectional Evaluation Across Race and Ethnicity. Womens Health Issues. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2022.10.007
Scroggins, W. A., Mackie, D. M., Allen, T. J., & Sherman, J. W. (2016). Reducing Prejudice With Labels: Shared Group Memberships Attenuate Implicit Bias and Expand Implicit Group Boundaries. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 42(2), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215621048
Segrest Purkiss, S. L., Perrewé, P. L., Gillespie, T. L., Mayes, B. T., & Ferris, G. R. (2006). Implicit sources of bias in employment interview judgments and decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 101(2), 152-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.06.005
Sellaro, R., Derks, B., Nitsche, M. A., Hommel, B., Van Den Wildenberg, W. P. M., Van Dam, K., & Colzato, L. S. (2015). Reducing prejudice through brain stimulation. Brain Stimulation, 8(5), 891-897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2015.04.003
Shavers, V. L., Fagan, P., Jones, D., Klein, W. M. P., Boyington, J., Moten, C., & Rorie, E. (2012). The state of research on racial/ethnic discrimination in the receipt of health care. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 953-966. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300773
Sheeran, P., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2013). Nonconscious processes and health. Health Psychology, 32(5), 460-473. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029203
Shelton, J. N., & Richeson, J. A. (2015). Interacting across racial lines. In APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 2: Group processes. (pp. 395-422). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14342-015
Shelton, J. N., Richeson, J. A., Salvatore, J., & Trawalter, S. (2005). Ironic effects of racial bias during interracial interactions. Psychological Science, 16(5), 397-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01547.x
Shen, F., Hu, Y., Fan, M., Wang, H., & Wang, Z. (2017). Racial Bias in Neural Response for Pain Is Modulated by Minimal Group. Front Hum Neurosci, 11, 661. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00661
Sheng, F., Liu, Y., Zhou, B., Zhou, W., & Han, S. (2013). Oxytocin modulates the racial bias in neural responses to others’ suffering. Biol Psychol, 92(2), 380-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.11.018
Shih, M. J., Stotzer, R., & Gutiérrez, A. S. (2013). Perspective-taking and empathy: Generalizing the reduction of group bias towards Asian Americans to general outgroups. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4, 79-83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029790
Shih, M. J., Stotzer, R., & Gutiérrez, A. S. (2013). Perspective-taking and empathy: Generalizing the reduction of group bias towards Asian Americans to general outgroups. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4(2), 79-83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029790
Silva, F. (2022). What predicts employer discrimination? The role of implicit and explicit racial attitudes. Soc Sci Res, 108, 102775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102775
Simon, J. C., & Gutsell, J. N. (2020). Effects of Minimal Grouping On Implicit Prejudice, Infrahumanization, and Neural Processing Despite Orthogonal Social Categorizations. Group Process Intergroup Relat, 23(3), 323-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219837348
Simon, S., Shaffer, E., Neel, R., & Shapiro, J. (2019). Exploring blacks’ perceptions of whites’ racial prejudice as a function of intergroup behavior and motivational mindsets. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10, 575-585. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618778584
Sims, M., & Rizzolo, D. (2022). Examining the Impact of Implicit Bias Education in Healthcare Students. J Allied Health, 51(3), 234-237.
Snowden, L. R., & Michaels, E. (2023). Racial Bias Correlates with States Having Fewer Health Professional Shortage Areas and Fewer Federally Qualified Community Health Center Sites. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities, 10(1), 325-333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-01223-0
Solbes, I., & Enesco, I. (2010). Explicit and implicit anti-fat attitudes in children and their relationships with their body images. Obesity Facts, 3(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000280417
Song Richardson, L., & Goff, P. A. (2013). Implicit racial bias in public defender triage. Yale Law Journal, 122(8), 2626-2649.
Sorice, V., & Herring, L. (2023). Addressing implicit racial bias: do they affect nursing education? Evid Based Nurs, 26(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2022-103548
Spohn, C. (2015). Race, crime, and punishment in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Crime and Justice, 44(1), 49-97. https://doi.org/10.1086/681550
Sriram, N., Mills, J., Lang, E., Dickson, H. K., Hamann, H. A., Nosek, B. A., & Schiller, J. H. (2015). Attitudes and stereotypes in lung cancer versus breast cancer. PLoS ONE, 10(12 C7 – e0145715). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145715
Sritharan, R., & Gawronski, B. (2010). Changing implicit and explicit prejudice:Insights from the associative-propositional evaluation model. Social Psychology, 41(3), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000017
Starck, J. G., Riddle, T., Sinclair, S., & Warikoo, N. (2020). Teachers Are People Too: Examining the Racial Bias of Teachers Compared to Other American Adults. Educational Researcher, 49(4), 273-284. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X20912758
Stell, A. J., & Farsides, T. (2016). Brief loving-kindness meditation reduces racial bias, mediated by positive other-regarding emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 40(1), 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-015-9514-x
Stepanikova, I. (2012). Racial-Ethnic Biases, Time Pressure, and Medical Decisions. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53(3), 329-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146512445807
Stepanikova, I., Triplett, J., & Simpson, B. (2011). Implicit racial bias and prosocial behavior. Social Science Research, 40(4), 1186-1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.02.004
“Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias: Evidence for independent constructs and unique ffects on behavior”: Correction to Amodio and Devine (2006). (2020). J Pers Soc Psychol, 118(5), 1064.
Stivers, T., & Majid, A. (2007). Questioning children: Interactional evidence of implicit bias in medical interviews. Social Psychology Quarterly, 70(4), 424-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250707000410
Stone, J., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2011). Non-conscious bias in medical decision making: What can be done to reduce it? Medical Education, 45(8), 768-776. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04026.x
Strauss, A. T., Sidoti, C. N., Purnell, T. S., Sung, H. C., Jackson, J. W., Levin, S., . . . Gurses, A. P. (2022). Multicenter study of racial and ethnic inequities in liver transplantation evaluation: Understanding mechanisms and identifying solutions. Liver Transpl, 28(12), 1841-1856. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.26532
Strick, M., Stoeckart, P. F., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2015). Thinking in Black and White: Conscious thought increases racially biased judgments through biased face memory. Conscious Cogn, 36, 206-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.07.001
Strupp-Levitsky, M., Noorbaloochi, S., Shipley, A., & Jost, J. T. (2020). Moral “foundations” as the product of motivated social cognition: Empathy and other psychological underpinnings of ideological divergence in “individualizing” and “binding” concerns. PLoS One, 15(11), e0241144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241144
Sukhera, J., Watling, C. J., & Gonzalez, C. M. (2020). Implicit Bias in Health Professions: From Recognition to Transformation. Academic Medicine, 717-723. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003173
Sun, L. R., Wang, P., & Bai, Y. H. (2021). Effect of Implicit Prejudice on Intergroup Conflict: The Cognitive Processing Bias Perspective. J Interpers Violence, 36(15-16), NP8879-NP8906.
Suresh, S., Amegashie, C., Patel, E., Nieman, K. M., & Rana, S. (2022). Racial Disparities in Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes in Preeclampsia. Curr Hypertens Rep, 24(4), 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-022-01172-x
Swift, J. A., Tischler, V., Markham, S., Gunning, I., Glazebrook, C., Beer, C., & Puhl, R. (2013). Are anti-stigma films a useful strategy for reducing weight bias among trainee healthcare professionals? Results of a pilot randomized control trial. Obesity Facts, 6(1), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.1159/000348714
Tai, C., & Pauker, K. (2021a). Growing racial resilience: The impact of mindsets on the development of prejudice. Human Development, 65, 325-341. https://doi.org/10.1159/000519632
Tai, C., & Pauker, K. (2021b). Growing Racial Resilience: The Impact of Mindsets on the Development of Prejudice. Human Development, 65(5-6), 325-341. https://doi.org/10.1159/000519632
Talaska, C. A., Fiske, S. T., & Chaiken, S. (2008). Legitimating Racial Discrimination: Emotions, Not Beliefs, Best Predict Discrimination in a Meta-Analysis. Soc Justice Res, 21(3), 263-396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0071-2
Teachman, B. A., Gapinski, K. D., Brownell, K. D., Rawlins, M., & Jeyaram, S. (2003). Demonstrations of implicit anti-fat bias: the impact of providing causal information and evoking empathy. Health Psychol, 22(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.22.1.68
Teachman, B. A., Wilson, J. G., & Komarovskaya, I. (2006). Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness in diagnosed and healthy samples. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(1), 75-95. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.1.75
Teal, C. R., Shada, R. E., Gill, A. C., Thompson, B. M., Frugé, E., Villarreal, G. B., & Haidet, P. (2010). When best intentions aren’t enough: helping medical students develop strategies for managing bias about patients. Journal of general internal medicine, 25 Suppl 2, S115-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-009-1243-y
Terbeck, S., Kahane, G., McTavish, S., Savulescu, J., Cowen, P. J., & Hewstone, M. (2012). Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias. Psychopharmacology, 222(3), 419-424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2657-5
Tetlock, P. E., & Mitchell, G. (2009). Implicit Bias and Accountability Systems: What Must Organizations Do to Prevent Discrimination? Research in Organizational Behavior, 29, 3-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2009.10.002
Thiem, K. C., Neel, R., Simpson, A. J., & Todd, A. R. (2019). Are Black Women and Girls Associated With Danger? Implicit Racial Bias at the Intersection of Target Age and Gender. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(10), 1427-1439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219829182
Thirsk, L. M., Panchuk, J. T., Stahlke, S., & Hagtvedt, R. (2022a). Cognitive and implicit biases in nurses’ judgment and decision-making: A scoping review. Int J Nurs Stud, 133, 104284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104284
Thirsk, L. M., Panchuk, J. T., Stahlke, S., & Hagtvedt, R. (2022b). Cognitive and implicit biases in nurses’ judgment and decision-making: A scoping review. Int J Nurs Stud, 133, 104284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104284
Thomas, E. V. (2018). “Why Even Bother; They Are Not Going to Do It?” The Structural Roots of Racism and Discrimination in Lactation Care. Qualitative Health Research, 28(7), 1050-1064. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732318759491
Thériault, R., Olson, J. A., Krol, S. A., & Raz, A. (2021). Body swapping with a Black person boosts empathy: Using virtual reality to embody another. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove), 74(12), 2057-2074. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211024826
Todd, A. R., Bodenhausen, G. V., Richeson, J. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias. J Pers Soc Psychol, 100(6), 1027-1042. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022308
Todd, A. R., Bodenhausen, G. V., Richeson, J. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1027-1042. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022308
Todd, A. R., & Burgmer, P. (2013). Perspective taking and automatic intergroup evaluation change: Testing an associative self-anchoring account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 786-802. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031999
Todd, A. R., Forstmann, M., Burgmer, P., Brooks, A. W., & Galinsky, A. D. (2015). Anxious and egocentric: how specific emotions influence perspective taking. J Exp Psychol Gen, 144(2), 374-391. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000048
Todd, A. R., Thiem, K. C., & Neel, R. (2016). Does Seeing Faces of Young Black Boys Facilitate the Identification of Threatening Stimuli? Psychological Science, 27(3), 384-393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615624492
Tomiyama, A. J., Finch, L. E., Belsky, A. C. I., Buss, J., Finley, C., Schwartz, M. B., & Daubenmier, J. (2015). Weight bias in 2001 versus 2013: Contradictory attitudes among obesity researchers and health professionals. Obesity, 23(1), 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20910
Torres, T. K., Chase, D. M., Salani, R., Hamann, H. A., & Stone, J. (2022). Implicit biases in healthcare: implications and future directions for gynecologic oncology. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 227(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.267
Trawalter, S., Adam, E. K., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., & Richeson, J. A. (2012). Concerns about appearing prejudiced get under the skin: Stress responses to interracial contact in the moment and across time. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 682-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.003
Trawiński, T., Aslanian, A., & Cheung, O. S. (2021). The effect of implicit racial bias on recognition of other-race faces. Cogn Res Princ Implic, 6(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00337-7
Trent, M., Dooley, D. G., Dougé, J., Trent, M. E., Cavanaugh, R. M., Lacroix, A. E., . . . Wallace, S. B. (2019). The impact of racism on child and adolescent health. Pediatrics, 144(2 C7 – e20191765). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1765
Tudino, R. F., & Jellison, W. A. (2022). The Effect of Mindfulness on Increasing Self-Reported LGBTQ Competency Level and Reducing Explicit LGBTQ Bias in Health Care Providers. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000608
Turner, R. N., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). Imagining intergroup contact reduces implicit prejudice. Br J Soc Psychol, 49(Pt 1), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466609X419901
Turrentine, F. E., Dreisbach, C. N., St Ivany, A. R., Hanks, J. B., & Schroen, A. T. (2019). Influence of Gender on Surgical Residency Applicants’ Recommendation Letters. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 228(4), 356-365.e353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2018.12.020
Van Acker, K., Phalet, K., Deleersnyder, J., & Mesquita, B. (2014). Do “they” threaten “us” or do “we” disrespect “them”: Majority perceptions of intergroup relations and everyday contacts with immigrant minorities. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17, 617-628. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430214536062
van der Heiden, L., Scherpiet, S., Konicar, L., Birbaumer, N., & Veit, R. (2013). Inter-individual differences in successful perspective taking during pain perception mediates emotional responsiveness in self and others: an fMRI study. Neuroimage, 65, 387-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.003
van Loon, A., Bailenson, J., Zaki, J., Bostick, J., & Willer, R. (2018). Virtual reality perspective-taking increases cognitive empathy for specific others. PLoS One, 13(8), e0202442. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202442
van Ryn, M., Burgess, D. J., Dovidio, J. F., Phelan, S. M., Saha, S., Malat, J., . . . Perry, S. (2011). THE IMPACT OF RACISM ON CLINICIAN COGNITION, BEHAVIOR, AND CLINICAL DECISION MAKING. Du Bois Rev, 8(1), 199-218. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X11000191
van Ryn, M., Hardeman, R., Phelan, S. M., Burgess, D. J., Dovidio, J. F., Herrin, J., . . . Przedworski, J. M. (2015). Medical School Experiences Associated with Change in Implicit Racial Bias Among 3547 Students: A Medical Student CHANGES Study Report. J Gen Intern Med, 30(12), 1748-1756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3447-7
van Ryn, M., Hardeman, R., Phelan, S. M., PhD, D. J. B., Dovidio, J. F., Herrin, J., . . . Przedworski, J. M. (2015). Medical School Experiences Associated with Change in Implicit Racial Bias Among 3547 Students: A Medical Student CHANGES Study Report. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 30(12), 1748-1756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3447-7
van Schaik, S. (2015). I’m okay, you’re not okay: moral distress in health care as an issue of affective perspective taking and in-group/out-group tensions. Crit Care Med, 43(4), 919-920. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000857
Vandamme, A., Wullschleger, A., Garbe, A., Cole, C., Heinz, A., Bermpohl, F., . . . Montag, C. (2021). The Role of Implicit and Explicit Staff Attitudes in the Use of Coercive Measures in Psychiatry. Front Psychiatry, 12, 699446. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.699446
VanPuymbrouck, L., Friedman, C., & Feldner, H. (2020). Explicit and implicit disability attitudes of healthcare providers. Rehabil Psychol, 65(2), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000317
Vela, M. B., Erondu, A. I., Smith, N. A., Peek, M. E., Woodruff, J. N., & Chin, M. H. (2022). Eliminating Explicit and Implicit Biases in Health Care: Evidence and Research Needs. Annu Rev Public Health, 43, 477-501. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052620-103528
Von Hippel, W., Sekaquaptewa, D., & Vargas, P. (1997). The Linguistic Intergroup Bias as an implicit indicator of prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33(5), 490-509. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1997.1332
Vorauer, J. D. (2012). Completing the Implicit Association Test Reduces Positive Intergroup Interaction Behavior. Psychological Science, 23(10), 1168-1175. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612440457
Vorauer, J. D., & Petsnik, C. (2020). What really helps? Divergent implications of talking to someone with an empathic mindset versus similar experience for shame and self-evaluation in the wake of an embarrassing event. Br J Soc Psychol, 59(3), 773-789. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12338
Vorauer, J. D., & Petsnik, C. (2023). The disempowering implications for members of marginalized groups of imposing a focus on personal experiences in discussions of intergroup issues. J Pers Soc Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000416
Vorauer, J. D., & Quesnel, M. (2017). Antecedents and consequences of evaluative concerns experienced during intergroup interaction: When and how does group status matter? In The Cambridge handbook of the psychology of prejudice. (pp. 519-541). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316161579.023
Vorauer, J. D., & Quesnel, M. S. (2017). Salient Multiculturalism Enhances Minority Group Members’ Feelings of Power. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 43(2), 259-271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216679981
Vázquez, A., Yzerbyt, V., Dovidio, J. F., & Gómez, Á. (2017). How we think they see us? Valence and difficulty of retrieval as moderators of the effect of meta-stereotype activation on intergroup orientations. Int J Psychol, 52 Suppl 1, 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12260
Wakefield, E. O., Pantaleao, A., Popp, J. M., Dale, L. P., Santanelli, J. P., Litt, M. D., & Zempsky, W. T. (2018). Describing perceived racial bias among youth with sickle cell disease. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 43(7), 779-788. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsy015
Waller, T., Lampman, C., & Lupfer-Johnson, G. (2012). Assessing bias against overweight individuals among nursing and psychology students: An implicit association test. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(23-24), 3504-3512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04226.x
Warikoo, N., Sinclair, S., Fei, J., & Jacoby-Senghor, D. (2016). Examining Racial Bias in Education: A New Approach. Educational Researcher, 45(9), 508-514. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X16683408
Waytz, A., Hoffman, K. M., & Trawalter, S. (2015). A Superhumanization Bias in Whites’ Perceptions of Blacks. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(3), 352-359. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614553642
Weaver, V. M. (2012). The Electoral Consequences of Skin Color: The “Hidden” Side of Race in Politics. Political Behavior, 34(1), 159-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9152-7
Weech-Maldonado, R., Dreachslin, J. L., Epané, J. P., Gail, J., Gupta, S., & Wainio, J. A. (2018). Hospital cultural competency as a systematic organizational intervention: Key findings from the national center for healthcare leadership diversity demonstration project. Health Care Management Review, 43(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1097/HMR.0000000000000128
Wei, H., Price, Z., Evans, K., Haberstroh, A., Hines-Martin, V., & Harrington, C. C. (2023). The State of the Science of Nurses’ Implicit Bias: A Call to Go Beyond the Face of the Other and Revisit the Ethics of Belonging and Power. ANS Adv Nurs Sci. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000470
West, M. A., Hwang, S., Maier, R. V., Ahuja, N., Angelos, P., Bass, B. L., . . . Wren, S. M. (2018). Ensuring Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Academic Surgery: An American Surgical Association White Paper. Annals of surgery, 268(3), 403-407. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000002937
West, T. V., Pearson, A. R., & Stern, C. (2014). Anxiety perseverance in intergroup interaction: When incidental explanations backfire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 825-843. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037941
White-Means, S., Hufstader, M., & Brown, L. T. (2009). Cultural competency, race, and skin tone bias among pharmacy, nursing, and medical students: Implications for addressing health disparities. Medical Care Research and Review, 66(4), 436-455. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558709333995
Whitford, D. K., & Emerson, A. M. (2019). Empathy Intervention to Reduce Implicit Bias in Pre-Service Teachers. Psychological Reports, 122(2), 670-688. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118767435
Wigboldus, D. H., Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. (2003). When stereotypes get in the way: stereotypes obstruct stereotype-inconsistent trait inferences. J Pers Soc Psychol, 84(3), 470-484. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.3.470
Wilkins, C. L., Hirsch, A. A., Kaiser, C. R., & Inkles, M. P. (2017). The threat of racial progress and the self-protective nature of perceiving anti-White bias. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 20(6), 801-812. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216631030
Wittlin, N. M., Dovidio, J. F., Burke, S. E., Przedworski, J. M., Herrin, J., Dyrbye, L., . . . van Ryn, M. (2019). Contact and role modeling predict bias against lesbian and gay individuals among early-career physicians: A longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med, 238, 112422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112422
Wolf, L., Delao, A., Perhats, C., Valdez, A., Strout, T., Clark, P., . . . Callihan, M. (2022a). The Experiences of United States Emergency Nurses Related to Witnessed and Experienced Bias: A Mixed-Methods Study. J Emerg Nurs. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2022.11.008
Wolf, L., Delao, A., Perhats, C., Valdez, A., Strout, T., Clark, P., . . . Callihan, M. (2022b). The Experiences of United States Emergency Nurses Related to Witnessed and Experienced Bias: A Mixed-Methods Study. J Emerg Nurs. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2022.11.008
Yam, K. C., Fehr, R., & Barnes, C. M. (2014). Morning employees are perceived as better employees: Employees’ start times influence supervisor performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(6), 1288-1299. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037109
Ye, Q., Li, X., & Peng, W. (2020). Individual Variation in Pain Sensitivity and Implicit Negative Bias Toward Pain. Psychosom Med, 82(8), 796-804. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000844
Yeager, D. S., Miu, A. S., Powers, J., & Dweck, C. S. (2013). Implicit theories of personality and attributions of hostile intent: A meta-analysis, an experiment, and a longitudinal intervention. Child Development, 84(5), 1651-1667. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12062
Yee, L. M., & Simon, M. A. (2011). Perceptions of coercion, discrimination and other negative experiences in postpartum contraceptive counseling for low-income minority women. J Health Care Poor Underserved, 22(4), 1387-1400. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2011.0144
Yogeeswaran, K., & Dasgupta, N. (2010). Will the “real” American please stand up? The effect of implicit national prototypes on discriminatory behavior and judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(10), 1332-1345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210380928
Zeidan, A., Salhi, B., Backster, A., Shelton, E., Valente, A., Safdar, B., . . . Samuels-Kalow, M. (2022). A Structural Competency Framework for Emergency Medicine Research: Results from a Scoping Review and Consensus Conference. West J Emerg Med, 23(5), 650-659. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2022.6.56056
Zestcott, C. A., Blair, I. V., & Stone, J. (2016). Examining the presence, consequences, and reduction of implicit bias in health care: A narrative review. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 19(4), 528-542. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216642029

Understanding Automatic Mental Processes and Preventing Unintended and Implicit Bias

References:

This review of the literature was conducted in support of the Understanding and Preventing Unintended Bias in Cardiovascular
Disease Specialty Care eLearning course co-developed with Boston Scientific's health equity program Close the Gap.

Understanding Automatic Mental Processes and Preventing Unintended and Implicit Bias

References:

This review of the literature was conducted in support of the Understanding and Preventing Unintended Bias in Cardiovascular Disease Specialty Care eLearning course co-developed with Boston Scientific's health equity program Close the Gap.

Do not miss!

Great offer today!

This review of the literature was conducted in support of the Understanding and Preventing Unintended Bias in Cardiovascular
Disease Specialty Care eLearning course co-developed with Boston Scientific's health equity program Close the Gap.